(I) Disease Prevention Late blight Late blight is a relatively serious disease that occurs throughout the country. Disease-resistant varieties in the late blight epidemic, the field yield loss of up to 20% -50%, light cell loss in the 5% -10%, more than 30% of the weight. Late blight is not only harmful to potatoes, but also often causes damage to tomatoes, green peppers, and eggplants. When the plants were attacked by late blight, light brown lesions occurred at the tip or edge of the leaves, and yellow-green lesions appeared around the lesions. Humidity in the morning and in the rainy days quickly expanded, causing the leaves to appear blue and dry, and white mold appeared outside the spots, and the white mold on the back of the leaves became clearer. White mold is a conidia, and the sporangia is peach-shaped. Spores can invade the tubers when they enter the soil, and the epidermis turns brown spots on the onset of tubers, and the tissues subside. Before the soft rot disease was introduced, the brown spotted tissue became hard and the internal potato meat was rust-brown after cutting. Once the soft rot pathogen invades the tuber, the tuber rots. ã€Paths and conditions of disease transmission】 The spores of the late blight are very small and can invade the tissues from the dorsal stomata or epidermis of the tuber and then develop into lesions. The rainy, morning dew leaves the leaves wet, which is an advantage for the invasion of pathogenic spores. The suitable temperature for the development of pathogens is 24 degrees, the highest is 30 degrees, and the lowest temperature is 10 degrees. The optimum temperature for the growth of zoospore is 12-13 degrees, the highest is 25 degrees, and the lowest is 2 degrees. The hyphae can live in tubers for winters, parasites for living things, and the soil is generally not disease-free. The diseased tubers are mainly sowed, and when the conditions are suitable, the diseased tuber plants are first attacked, and the central diseased plants are spread again. When it rains, the spores of the pathogen are brought to the tuber to make the tuber feel sick, or the skin of the tuber is scratched at the time of harvest. The pathogen spores on the soil and stems and leaves invade the tuber. [control methods] 1. Selection of disease-resistant varieties. 2. Strictly eliminate diseased potatoes before sowing. 3. Chemical control. At present, the best pharmaceutical agent used to control late blight is Rhizoctonia. When the onset of the field is best found in the center of the diseased plants timely spraying 25% Rhodoxima WP 800 times the solution, spray once every 10 days, 2-3 times to control the development of the disease. Followed by the same amount of Bordeaux spray control, that is, 500 grams of copper sulfate, 500 grams of quick lime, 50 liters of water on the Bordeaux mixture, spraying at the time of onset can also receive better results. 4. Thick soil. Field blight spores invade the tubers, mainly through the rain and irrigation to bring the pathogenic spores falling on the plants to the tubers with water. When the plants are not resistant to late blight, especially if the tubers are not resistant to disease, it is necessary to pay attention to thick soil, so that the bacteria can not easily enter the depths of the soil to reduce the probability of tuber disease. 5. Cutting and disease prevention. When the late blight begins to become popular, crops with large planting density, small row spacing, and incapable of heavy earth-cultivation will be cut off from the field and transported out of the field before the plant has been seriously affected. As a replanted plot, the plot should be cut off earlier and as much as possible to prevent the invading spores from invading the tuber to avoid future problems. Ring rot Disease Symptoms The germs develop mainly in the vascular bundles of plants and tubers, causing the tissues to rot. The diseased plants generally grow slowly, with obvious symptoms before and after anthesis, often with partial wilting. The lower leaves turn yellow from the leaf edges and curl inwards, and the branches and leaves die slowly, which is different from the bacterial wilt disease. The onset of tuber disease is that the pathogen enters the vascular bundle ring along the vascular bundle through the stolon. When the disease is severe, the potato flesh rots and turns brownish red. With finger pressure, the potato flesh and cortex are separated. However, the bud eye is not the first victim. This is also the difference from the bacterial wilt. Pathways and conditions of disease transmission Seed disease is the main pathogen. In particular, when the cuttings are sown, the diseased potato can be passed to the healthy tubers through a cutter. Moreover, germs can also be transmitted to healthy tubers by transportation tools such as straw bags, baskets and implements. However, the soil is not transmitted. The optimum temperature for the growth of ring rot is 20-23 degrees, and the suitable temperature for field disease is 18-20 degrees. The soil temperature exceeds 31 degrees and the disease is inhibited. [control methods] 1. Establish a kind of potato field. Use virus-free seedlings to produce virus-free seed and small seed potatoes. Whole potato sowing is carried out without cutting into pieces. 2. Elimination of diseased potatoes before sowing. During the process of cellaring, germination and slicing, diseased potatoes were cleared in time. The diced cutting knife is sterilized with alcohol or flame to prevent seed tape disease from being the most effective control method. 3. Use resistant varieties. 4. It is forbidden to plant seeds from the ward to prevent the spread of the disease. Bacterial wilt ã€Disease Symptoms】 A trunk or a branch of the plant suddenly appears wilting and withering, and other stems and leaves will grow as usual, but will soon die. The pathogens invade into each stem along the vascular tube, first invade the first withering, and then invade after withering. Finally, the whole plant died. The bacteria invaded the tubers from the stem, so the umbilicus tissue first appeared yellow-brown. Cut tubers can also be seen from the umbilical to the development of tuberculosis disease and tissue discoloration symptoms. At the late onset of tuberculosis, the affected part of the tuber was squeezed with a finger, and a milky disease fluid could appear. However, the potato meat and the cortex were not separated. This is the main difference from tubers with ring rot. Severe tubers, buds first attack, can not germinate, and then the whole block rot. Disease Pathogenesis and Pathogenesis Bacterial wilt is mainly transmitted through diseased tubers, parasitic plants, and soil. Diseased tubers can be transmitted to healthy tubers through the cutting knife. Planting diseased potatoes are in contact with each other during the growth process, and can also be transmitted through the roots; in the course of weeding and watering, pathogens can be transmitted through water, contaminated agricultural implements, and infected soils adhered to the shoes. Weedy disease can also be transmitted to potatoes. However, potato-transmitted disease is the main disease, especially in the latent state of diseased potato, which does not show any symptoms under low temperature conditions, and it only appears when the temperature is appropriate. The optimum temperature for germ propagation is 30 degrees. Field temperature above 14 degrees Celsius, the average daily temperature of more than 20 degrees when the plant can be disease. And high temperature and high humidity are beneficial to the development of bacterial wilt. Germs can survive in the soil for more than 14 months or even many years. The concentration of hydrogen ions suitable for bacterial life is 10 to 1000 nanomol/liter (PH 6 to 8), and the hydrogen ion concentration of 251.2 nanomoles/liter (PH 6.6) is most suitable. [Control methods] Because there is no immunized species, comprehensive prevention and control is required. 1. Use resistant varieties. There is no immune and pathogen-resistant material against bacterial wilt, and the disease-resistant varieties that are selected are relatively lighter in disease and less loss-prone than susceptible varieties. Therefore, they still have utility value. 2. Use disease-free seed potatoes. In the epidemic areas of the south, all species are more or less susceptible. If disease-free seed replacement is not required, the disease will increase year by year and the future will be endless. Therefore, a seed potato base should be established in a disease-free area in the mountainous area, and virus-free test tube seedlings should be used to produce seed potatoes. 3. Use whole potatoes to sow, implement crop rotation, eliminate field weeds, sallow soil, minimize weeding as far as possible, and reduce the chances of root disease transmission. Before the establishment of a seed potato production base, this is an important measure for the control of bacterial wilt. 4. It is forbidden to plant seeds from the ward to prevent the spread of diseases. Viral disease Although there are more than a dozen virus diseases and virus-like diseases that prevail in various regions, there are only five to six viruses that are mainly harmful to potatoes, and only one is a type of virus. Disease symptoms and route of transmission X virus; X virus is the main virus causing mosaic disease around. X virus can make the yellow leaf and green leaf interstitial plaque appear in the lobe interlobular. Generally, about 10% of the diseased plants are reduced, and the X-virus-sensitive serious disease strains can reduce production by about 50%. It is mainly contact with drugs. A virus; A virus can also cause mosaic disease, mainly in the veins between the irregular dark green and light green and white spots, leaf shrinkage, dark part of the leaf green color, veins subsidence, when the edge of the leaf was wavy . Contact or maggots can transmit the virus. When A virus and X virus co-infected, the yield was reduced by 60%, and the leaves were significantly shrunken. S virus; S virus is a type of hidden mosaic disease, the typical performance is the sinking of veins, leaves more wrinkled or wavy. The leaves of the varieties that are sensitive to the S virus are pale bronze. Diseased plants can reduce production by 10% to 15%, and tubers become smaller. Reduced production by 11%`38% when re-infected with X virus. M virus; is the symptom of roll mosaic leaf mosaic disease. The leaves of the diseased leaves showed strong leaves and veins between the tips, the leaves deformed, the tips of the leaves twisted, the leaf edges wavy, and the top leaflets of the stem curled. Generally reduced by 10% to 20%. To contact with poisoning. Y virus; symptoms of heavy mosaic disease and leaf spot necrosis. Diseased plant veins, petioles and stems can appear dark brown tissue necrosis stripe, complex leaves easy to fall off, only a few leaves at the top of the onset of the disease, the old leaves fall off with the disease development. Can reduce production by 80%. It is mainly contact and locust transmission. Roll leaf virus disease; the typical symptom of leaf virus disease is the curling of the leaves in the lower part of the plant. The leaf tissue becomes brittle and hard, and when the disease is heavy, the leaf rolls into a tube. Frequently, brownish necrotic mottles appear inside the diseased tuber. Due to different varieties of different production cuts, the general reduction of 40% to 70%. It is mainly locust transmission. Spindle tuber viroids; Spindle tuber viroids represent bundle tops, also known as tuber tip disease. Branches of diseased plants were reduced, and the compound leaves became acutely angled with the stems, and the top was more pronounced. Tubers are spindle-shaped and sometimes have cracks. The weaker diseases are reduced by 20% to 35%, and strong lines can reduce production by 60%. Both contact and insects can pass the virus. [Control methods] 1. Production of seed potatoes with shoot tip virus-free seedlings, establishment of improved breeding systems, and planned replacement of susceptible seed potatoes. 2. Screening of virus-free plants for rapid propagation, inclusion of elite breeding systems, elimination of virus-infected seed potatoes. 3. Implement measures for seed retention and conservation in accordance with local conditions to prevent worms from transmitting viruses and mechanical transmission under various conditions. 4. Seed tubers are used as seed potatoes, using seeds that have little or substantially identical economic traits. Black stem disease Black stem disease is more common in northern and northwestern regions. The incidence of plants, light accounted for 2% -5%, up to about 50% of the weight. The diseased tubers are rotted before sowing after seeding. Some of the seedlings are unearthed and the disease develops into the stems. They also quickly die, so they often cause vacant shoots. Disease Symptoms Diseased tubers grow seedlings and plants shorter than healthy plants, stems become hard, internodes are short, leaves turn yellow and curl upwards, and plants soon die due to decay of stem base. The affected strain is easily pulled up due to the blackish rot of the base of the stem. Diseases from the seedlings to adult stage one after another as its characteristics. Disease-infecting pathways and disease conditions Diseases are mainly transmitted through diseased seed potatoes. Pathogens can be transmitted by cutting knives, and can also be caused by invading tissues from tuberous lenticels. The tuber of the diseased tuber, the pathogen from the stem into the tuber, and the first in the umbilical tissue decay, and then extend the whole tuber rot. When the soil moisture is high and the temperature is high, the plants have a large number of diseases. When the soil moisture is low, germinating plants do not develop immediately, and when soil moisture is high, symptoms occur. The bacteria can cure diseases at 15-25 degrees, and the suitable temperature for the development of pathogens is 23-27 degrees. [control methods] 1. Establish a disease-free seeding area and produce disease-free seed potatoes. 2. Strict inspection of seed potatoes before sowing and elimination of diseased potatoes during germination. 3. Select a well-drained land for planting potatoes to prevent the accumulation of water or humidity in the soil, resulting in disease development. 4. Chemical control: soaking with 0.01%-0.05% of the Australian propylene glycol solution for 15-20 minutes, or soaking with 0.05%-0.1 kasugamycin solution for 30 minutes, or soaking with 0.2% potassium permanganate solution for 20-30 minutes . Then remove and dry to sow. 5. Prevent harvesting, transportation and loading and unloading. Store the tuber skin dry before storage, pay attention to ventilation during storage to prevent the appearance of wet water on the surface of the tuber.
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