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1. Introduction Cereal feed is an important energy substance for ruminants. In the common cereal seeds, the starch content is high (about 52% -78%), easily digested and absorbed by the animal, and the utilization efficiency is high. The final product of starch degradation in the rumen is volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The nutritional significance of VFAs is to provide 70%-80% of energy requirements for ruminants. For nearly forty years, cereal products have been widely used as the main feed for ruminant production due to the fact that the prices of cereal feed in some western countries are lower than the price of hay. Cereal feeds are also widely used in our country, but they are usually more expensive than hay. Generally speaking, processing and treatment can improve the nutrient utilization efficiency of rumen microorganisms and total digestive tract to a certain extent (Han Zhengkang, 1988). Therefore, it is necessary to study the processing of grain feeds to increase their utilization. 2. The nutritional physiology of cereal starch and the necessity of its processing. Starch is mostly fermented by microorganisms into VFA in the rumen. A part of VFA is used as a carbon scaffold and is integrated into microbial protein; another part of VFA is absorbed into the blood through the rumen to participate in metabolism. The starch that has not been degraded by the rumen enters the abomasum and the small intestine (through the rumen starch) and is absorbed and utilized after it is decomposed into glucose under the action of digestive enzymes. The undigested starch and glucose in the small intestine are fermented by microorganisms after entering the large intestine, and are partially absorbed and then excreted. Starch is rapidly degraded in the rumen, and only a small amount of starch can escape from the rumen fermentation and enter the small intestine (about 10%-30%), and the rapid production of VFA will reduce the pH of the rumen, thus ruining the normal rumen fermentation Carried out, causing an imbalance between feed decomposition and microbial synthesis. Maintaining a certain proportion of starch is necessary to effectively utilize the N source in the rumen and increase the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, but excessive starch fermentation in the rumen will cause changes in the rumen environment, affect the utilization efficiency of nutrients, and even cause metabolic diseases. . If part of the non-structural carbohydrate NSC (starch and non-starch polysaccharides, etc.) in the diet can prevent ruminal fermentation, the productivity of the animal will increase (Bruchem, 1991). Because NSC escape from ruminal fermentation can not only provide more glucose for animals, but also can prevent rumen fermentation loss (Tamminga, Jansman, 1993); glucose provided to animals can be used as an important precursor of lactose, save the use of amino acids, and It can increase the milk production of dairy cows. The processing of cereal feed can regulate the ratio of rumen degraded starch and ruminal starch to a certain extent, so that animals can exert their best production performance. 3. Effect of processing on the nutritive value of cereal starch and its possible mechanism The processing can change the digestibility and digestion of starch throughout the digestive tract (Huntington, 1997). There are many methods of processing, including physical processing (such as puffing, baking, granulation, crushing, grinding, rolling, steam pressing, etc.), chemical processing (such as alkali treatment), and biological processing (such as enzyme preparations). Wait. The current application of more production is the physical processing of grain feed. Processing time, temperature, moisture content, and particle size all affect the processing results. The surface of the starch is surrounded by protein matrix and fat. The surface of the starch sometimes has sawtooth, small grooves, cracks or small holes, which can serve as sites for attack by microorganisms and enzymes. Some processing methods (crushing, grinding, rolling) can break the outer seed coat of grain particles, making them smaller in particle size, increasing the surface area, increasing the chance of entry of rumen microbes and enzymes, and accelerating the rate of digestion of starch by the rumen. Improve its nutritional value. Raw starch (β-starch) is tightly packed and can form cystic capsules with small gaps. However, when heated in water, some of the capsules are dissolved and form voids where water molecules can penetrate into the interior of starch molecules. When the heating is continued to reach the gelatinization temperature, the capsules will all collapse, the intermolecular bonds will break, and the formed gelatinized starch (α-starch) will be more easily digested by enzymes. Puffing is when the water is under high temperature and high pressure, it decompresses suddenly and instantaneously vaporizes, and the water filled in the gap produces a strong puffing force, which promotes the volume expansion of the starch to be porous. Different processing methods will change the ruminal degradation rate of cereal starch. In most cases, the combination of steam and stripping treatments (eg, steam tableting, puffing) can increase starch degradation rates in the rumen, while baking treatment results in a significant reduction in rumen starch degradation rates (Nocek, Tamminga, 1991). Most processing methods increase starch degradation in the rumen, usually also increasing starch digestion into the small intestine, and may sometimes be more beneficial to the increase in ruminal starch (Owens, Zinn, Kim, 1986). Compared with finely ground corn, the whole grain of corn is fed to reduce the degradation rate of starch in the rumen; larger grains of starch may not be easily digested by the enzymes in the small intestine, and the particles and the denser corn particles are circulated faster, making the whole The degradation rate of the digestive tract is reduced. (Owens, Zinn, Kim, 1986). Processing must master a "degree", otherwise too much less. During prolonged processing at high temperatures, starch may be overprotected, and Millard Reaction of carbohydrates and amino acids occurs, forming complex compounds that cannot be degraded in the rumen nor digested in the small intestine. 4. Application of cereal starch processing in dairy cow production According to Y. Ying, feeding high-moisture corn (HMC) during dry and lactation period can increase digestibility of rumen organic matter and starch and increase rumen VFA. concentration. Since the feeding of HMC reduced the outflow rate of rumen chyme and thus improved the digestibility of starch, the starch digestibility of the entire digestive tract did not increase. RB Reis believes that feeding HMC and finely comminuted corn improves the digestibility of dry matter (DM) and starch in the digestive organs of dairy cows and increases milk production. BPGlem reported that dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production increased when HMC:DC (low moisture maize) was 6:4. LGNussio et al. found that when SF corn was treated with steam tableting, the effect of increasing starch digestibility was better than fine comminution, but there was a decrease in ruminal pH and cellulose digestibility, despite increased milk production. However, the milk fat rate has declined. Huber believes that sorghum treated with squash slices has a higher degradation rate in the rumen than other processing methods, and the test results are optimal. Compared with untreated sorghum, the feed utilization rate and milk protein content were improved despite no difference in milk production. This may be related to the increase in the synthesis of rumen microbes. Studies have shown that smaller particle sizes can increase starch degradation rates (Thomas et al., 1988; Cerneau, Michalet, 1991). After the feed of the dairy cow was pelleted, the ruminal degradation rate of corn starch increased from 56% to 62%, the barley starch increased from 92% to 94%, and the cassava starch increased from 93% to 96%. Because the degradation rate is accelerated when the particle size is reduced, and the rumen circulation rate is also high, the degradation rate of the slow degraded fiber material is unfavorable, and the degradation rate of the intermediate degraded starch is increased. Peisker (1993) reported that the milk production of cows fed expanded diets was higher than that of non-expanded diets. However, contrary to the conclusion, Arieli et al. (1995) concluded that the expansion treatment resulted in a reduction in the degradation rate of starch in the rumen. Goelema (1999) believes that the shear force during puffing causes the particles to become smaller, and the particle size is inversely related to starch gelation, degradation of protein and starch in the rumen. In addition to reducing the particle size of the shear force, but also may change the surface structure of the particles to make it porous, so that hydrolysis easily occurs, and thus easily fermented in the rumen. 5. Research prospects At present, research abroad mainly focuses on the treatment of leguminous and gramineous seeds with various processing methods to improve the degradation and digestion characteristics of starch in the rumen and small intestine so as to optimize rumen fermentation and improve nutrient substances. Utilization rate, improving ruminant production performance and reducing environmental pollution. Processing methods adopted abroad mainly include high-pressure puffing, granulation, and steam pressing. With the gradual improvement of processing technology, new methods are still emerging, and the processing methods change from qualitative to quantitative research. Our country's research in this area has just started. The domestic processing and processing still stays in simple smashing, and the processing costs are high. With the continuous improvement of the productivity of animal husbandry in China, there is great potential for the processing and processing of cereal feeds, which needs further research and development.