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First, choose the suitable dense plant varieties in the winter warm greenhouse for bitter gourd dense planting over the winter, must use cold resistance, low fruit-setting section, the main vine gualed-based varieties. Such as: Xia Feng, Sui Xin No. 2, Hanzhong Changbai, Shidu No. 4, Yunnan Dabai bitter gourd and so on. These varieties are straight, long melon, disease resistance and adaptability are relatively strong.
Second, the cultivation of disease-free strong seedlings overwintering and cultivation of bitter gourd generally nursed in late July. During this period, seedlings are generally selected to establish high-desert, well-drained conditions to establish a seedbed, the general colonization of 667m2 need seedbed 30m2, with the amount of 0.4kg, using 10cm10cm black seedlings nursery. The seedbed soil formula is composed of 6 pieces of guest earth and 4 parts of decomposed manure mixed with 0.2% of 50% carbendazim WP. After sowing, the cover soil should reach 1. 5cm thick, it is necessary to build a small shed, overlying insect nets and shade nets to prevent whitefly and aphids and other pests damage, prevent the occurrence of viral diseases.
Third, deep-turning the land, apply enough basal fertilizer to plant bitter gourd over the winter to choose a shed that has not been cultivated for 3 years. If the quail has been planted before, the black-skin squash must be grafted to prevent the occurrence of melon wilt. The bitter gourd has a well-developed root system, and the longest root can reach a depth of 3m. Therefore, it is necessary to deeply turn the soil more than 40cm. In combination with the ground, every 667m2 is applied with 5000kg of fully-fertilized manure, 50kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, and 150-200kg of bean cake to meet the nutrient requirement of the entire growing period of bitter gourd. After deep plowing, the ground is leveled and the water is irrigated. Two months before planting, the plants were covered and covered with old plastic film on the ground. The greenhouses were sterilized with high temperature for 10 to 15 days to kill some of the pathogens in the soil and prevent some diseases of the bitter gourd from growing.
Fourth, rational close planting to ensure that the density of high-yield bitter gourd dense plant management and management of different methods vary depending on the method of plant adjustment, if the use of single vine pruning, per 667m2 can be planted 2,000; if the use of multiple vine pruning, 667m2 can be planted 730. In the case of multi-vine pruning, 80 cm wide row spacing and 60 cm row spacing were used for ridge cultivation (bitter gourd seedlings were planted on ridges), ridge width was 20 cm, and plant spacing was 1.2 m. Planting time is mid-August.
Fifth, timely adjustment of plants, to ensure ventilation and light plants have 5 to 6 leaves, 30cm high, it is necessary to hang vines. When the main stem reaches a height of 1m and enters the flowering and melon period, in addition to leaving 2-3 robust collaterals, the dense lateral branches must be removed in time to avoid consumption of nutrients, leading to field canopy closure. When the bitter gourd enters a vigorous growth period, a large number of secondary vines are born, leaving 1 for every 20-30 cm, and tied and fixed in time, and the remaining secondary vines should be removed at any time. In the later period, the old leaves and diseased leaves on the plants should be promptly removed to ensure the ventilation and light transmission in the fields and reduce the occurrence of diseases. In order to prevent tendrils from consuming nutrients and hindering the fall of vines, they must be removed in time.
Six, artificially assisted pollination Bitter gourd is an alien flower crops, under cultivation conditions, must be artificial pollination. The method is: In sunny days from 9 to 11 o'clock, when the female flower is open and the male flower pollen is long, one male flower is removed to remove the petal, and the stamen female flower is stigma. Each male flower can pollinate 3 to 4 female flowers. When there are 2 female flowers on a side vine, the first flower can be removed and only the second flower can be pollinated.
Seven, to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, to prevent the premature decline of plant base fertilizer, the bitter gourd do not have to top-dressing watering. In the flowering period, the amount of fertilizer needed to be increased, and fertilizer and watering should be applied in time. After sitting on the root melon, you can choose to fill the water under the membrane in the sunny morning, and combine topdressing with diammonium phosphate 30 to 40kg per 667m2. After watering, topdressing should be performed after the fruit is harvested. Top dressing should be based on the principle of “a small number of times, with water, fertilizer, organic fertilizer and fertilizer alternately†principle, watering should adhere to the principle of “water pouring, no drought, no pouringâ€.
8. Disease and Insect Pest Control The diseases of bitter gourd mainly include viral diseases, powdery mildew, gray mold and downy mildew. The pests mainly include Liriomyza sativae and whitefly. Prevention and control of pests and diseases should adhere to the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control". In addition to intensifying cultivation management and reducing the humidity in the greenhouse, the following chemicals can be used for prevention and control: 20% virus A WP for viral disease 500 to 700 times spray; powdery mildew 40% DuPont Fuxing 8000 to 10000 times spray; Gray mold can be sprayed with 50% acetaminophen wettable powder or 50% fast-inking WP 1000 times; downy mildew can be sprayed with 72% WP wettable powder 600 times. Liriomyza sativae Blanchard and Whitefly can be sprayed with 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 3000 times spray.
The traditional bitter gourd cultivation often uses the intercropping method with dwarf vegetables. In this way, the planting density is small, the yield is low, and scale efficiency cannot be formed. Shouguang Vegetable High-tech Demonstration Garden, based on many years of practice, summed up a set of effective bitter gourd dense planting and high-yield cultivation management techniques. The brief introduction is as follows: