Second, commonly used hair coloring agents and hair coloring agents

1. Sodium nitrite

Sodium nitrite is white or slightly yellow crystal or granular powder, odorless, slightly salty, easy to absorb moisture, soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, and can absorb oxygen in the air and gradually become sodium nitrate.

This product is one of the acutely toxic substances in food additives. It is a kind of drug. In pharmacy, according to the results of toxicity tests, substances with strong toxicity are called strong drugs, such as sodium nitrite and sodium hydroxide. Etc.; the more toxic is called poison, such as arsenic trichloride, etc.). Excessive nitrite enters the bloodstream, which can turn normal hemoglobin (ferrous iron) into methemoglobin (ferric iron), lose oxygen-carrying function, and cause tissue hypoxia. The incubation period is only 0.5 to 1 hour. Symptoms are dizziness, nausea, vomiting, general weakness, and purple skin. In severe cases, they may die due to respiratory failure. ADI (daily allowable intake) is 0 to 0.2 mg/kg. China's regulations: This product can be used for canned meat and meat products, the maximum use is 0.15mg / kg. The residual amount is based on sodium nitrite. The canned meat should not exceed 0.05 mg/kg, and the meat product should not exceed 0.03 mg/kg. In addition, it is also stipulated that nitrite can be used for brine ham, but the residual amount should be controlled to 70 ppm.

2. Sodium nitrate

The toxic effect of sodium nitrate is mainly because it is easily reduced to nitrite in food, water or the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the gastrointestinal tract of infants and young children, and its ADI is 0-5 mg/kg. China's regulations: This product can be used for meat products, the maximum use is 0.5g / kg, and its residual amount is controlled with sodium nitrite.

3. Potassium nitrite

The toxicity of potassium nitrite is based on sodium nitrite, and its ADI is 0-0.2 mg/kg.

4. Potassium nitrate

The toxicity of potassium nitrate is based on sodium nitrate. In nitrates, the product is highly toxic, and its ADI is 0-5 mg/kg. This product can replace sodium nitrate and is used for meat pickling. Its maximum dosage is the same as sodium nitrate.

5. Ascorbic acid and nicotinamide

When nitrite is used as a coloring agent for meat, an appropriate amount of L-ascorbic acid and its sodium salt and niacinamide are simultaneously added as a coloring auxiliary. Ascorbic acid is generally used in an amount of 0.02% to 0.05% of raw meat, and nicotinamide is used in an amount of 0.01% to 0.02%. It may be added during pickling or mashing, or the raw material may be immersed in a 0.02% aqueous solution of these materials. .

Third, the safety of nitrite

In recent years, it has been found that nitrite can react with various amino compounds (mainly from protein decomposition products) to produce carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds such as nitrosamines. Nitrosamine is currently recognized as a strong carcinogen in the world. The results of animal experiments show that not only long-term small-dose effects have carcinogenic effects, but also a sufficient amount of carcinogenic effects. Therefore, the issue of adding nitrates and nitrites to foods is highly valued internationally, and the amount is limited to the lowest level before there is an ideal substitute.

Fourth, on the issue of nitrite substitutes

For many centuries, nitrite has been used to preserve meat. By the end of the 19th century, it was recognized that nitrite allowed the color of the cured meat. Later, it was found that nitrite can inhibit the growth of microorganisms that cause meat deterioration, especially for Clostridium botulinum. In some countries, the botulinum botulinum poisoning rate is high before the use of nitrite, and the botulinum botulinum poisoning is controlled after use. In addition to its antibacterial effect, nitrite has antioxidant and flavor enhancing effects. Despite this, the safety of nitrite is a carcinogenic problem that limits its use and the world is looking for an ideal alternative.

There are two types of nitrite substitutes currently used: one is an additive that replaces nitrite, and Sweet (1991) reports that the substitute consists of a color former, an antioxidant/sequestrant, and a bacteriostatic agent. The red color is red, the antioxidant/sequestrant is phosphate/polyphosphate, the bacteriostatic agent is p-hydroxybenzoic acid and sorbic acid and its salts; the other is conventional Additives that block the formation of nitrosamines at nitrite concentrations, Mirrish et al. reported that ascorbic acid acts with nitrite to reduce the formation of nitrosamines. In addition, sorbic acid, sorbic acid, citric acid, gallic acid, and the like can also inhibit the formation of nitrosamines.

Bathroom Anti Slip Tape

Bathroom Anti Slip Tape