At 5:30 pm on October 7th, Beijing time, the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was announced. Three scientists from the United States and Germany, James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof, won the award. The reason for the award was “to discover the main transport system within the cell – the regulation mechanism of vesicle transportâ€. James E. Rothman was born in Haverhill, Massachusetts, in 1950. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1976 and worked as a post-mortem at MIT. In 1978 he entered Stanford University and began research on cell vesicles. His former research institutions include Princeton University, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute, and Columbia University. In 2008, he joined Yale University and is currently a professor and chairman of the Department of Cell Biology. Born in 1948 in St Paul, Minnesota, Randy W. Schekman studied at the University of California at Los Angeles and Stanford University. He received his Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1974. His tutor was Arthur Kornberg, the 1959 Nobel Laureate. The line that Rothman joined a few years later. In 1976, Schekman joined the University of California at Berkeley and is currently a professor of molecular and cell biology at the University. He is also a researcher at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Thomas C. Südhof was born in Göttingen, Germany in 1955. He studied at the University of Göttingen. He received his MD degree from the university in 1982 and received his Ph.D. in neurochemistry from the same year. In 1983, he joined the Southwestern Medical Center of the University of Texas as a post-secondary for Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein (the two won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1985). Südhof became a researcher at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in 1991 and a professor of molecular and cellular physiology at Stanford University in 2008. The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded three scientists who unlocked the mystery of how cells organize their transportation systems. Each cell acts as a factory, producing and exporting various molecules, such as insulin, which are released into the bloodstream, while a chemical signal called a neurotransmitter is passed through one nerve cell to another. These molecules are transported into small "packages" called vesicles around the cells. The three award-winning scientists unraveled the molecular principle that regulates the delivery of transport to the correct location in the cell at the right time. Randy Schekman discovered a set of genes needed for vesicle transmission; James Rothman clarified how the vesicles fuse with the target and deliver the protein machinery; Thomas Südhof reveals how the signal directs the vesicles to accurately release the transported material. Through research, Rothman, Schekman and Südhof unveiled the veil of precise control systems for the transport and delivery of cellular material. Disorders in this system can have deleterious effects and can lead to events such as neurological diseases, diabetes, and immunological diseases. How is the substance delivered to the cell? For a large and busy port, an operational system is needed to ensure that the right goods are delivered to the right place at the right time. Cells, which have different "chambers" called organelles, face similar problems: cells produce molecular substances such as hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, enzymes, etc., and then deliver these substances to cells at the right time. Other places or extracellular. Time and place determine everything. The vesicles are small, blister-like, enveloping the membrane, or transporting material back and forth between organelles, or by merging with the outer membrane to release the substance. This process is important because it triggers neural activity in the presence of a transmitter or controls metabolism under conditions of hormones. How do vesicles know when and where to "deliver"? "Traffic congestion" reveals genetic control Randy Schekman was fascinated with studying how cells organize their transport systems. In the 1970s, he decided to use yeast as a model system to study the system genetically. Through genetic screening, he found that the transport mechanism of yeast is defective, its transport system is very poor, and vesicles accumulate in specific areas of the cell. He found that the cause of this "blockage" was hereditary, and he continued to study and tried to find the mutated gene. Schekman found that three types of genes can control different aspects of the cell trafficking system, providing a new understanding of the precise regulation mechanisms of cell vesicle trafficking. Precise "docking" James Rothman is also fascinated by the nature of cell transport systems. When Rothman studied vesicle trafficking in mammalian cells in the 1980s and 1990s, he discovered that a protein complex allowed vesicles to enter and fuse the target membrane. During the fusion process, the proteins on the vesicles are combined with the target membrane as a zipper. Such proteins are numerous in number and combined only in a specific manner, so that the transported material can be delivered to precise locations. The same principle works in cells as well, releasing the contents of the vesicles when they bind to the outer membrane. It was later discovered that part of the genes found in Schekman's yeast could encode the proteins Rothman found in mammals, thus uncovering the ancient evolutionary origins of this transport system. Together they mapped out a key part of this cellular transport mechanism. Timing is everything Thomas Südhof is interested in how nerve cells in the brain interact with each other. Signaling Molecules - Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles and fuse with the outer membrane of nerve cells by the mechanisms discovered by Rothman and Schekman. However, these vesicles are "allowed" to release their contents only when the nerve cells signal their "neighbors". Why is this control method so precise? It is known that calcium ions are involved, and in the 1990s, Südhof searched for nerve-sensitive cells for calcium-sensitive proteins. He identified this molecular mechanism, in response to calcium influx, directing adjacent proteins to rapidly bind vesicles to the outer membrane of nerve cells. The "zipper" opens and the signal substance is released. Südhof's findings explain how short-term precision is achieved and how the vesicle contents are released as commanded. Vesicle transport helps understand the disease process Three Nobel Prize winners discovered a fundamental process of cell physiology. These findings have a major impact on how we understand how "goods" can be transported inside and outside the cell with perfect timing and precision. In many organisms from yeast to humans, the same principle is used for vesicle transport and fusion. This system is extremely important for a number of physiological processes in which vesicle fusion must be controlled, including signaling in the brain and releasing hormones and immune factors. Defective vesicle trafficking occurs in many diseases, including a large number of neurological and immune diseases, as well as diabetes. Without this wonderfully precise organization, the cells will break into the abyss of chaos. Medical Examination Nitrile Gloves We, Jiangsu YanFang Medical Technology Co., Ltd, commenced our medical gloves manufacturing in 2020. 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