A pumpkin
seed, also known as a pepita, is the
edible seed of a pumpkin or certain other cultivars of squash. The seeds are typically rather flat and asymmetrically oval, and light green in color and may have a white outer hull. Some cultivars are hulless, and are grown only for their seed. The seeds are nutrient-rich, with especially high content of protein, dietary
fiber and numerous micronutrients. The word can refer either to the hulled kernel or
unhulled whole seed, and most commonly refers to the roasted end product.
In a 100 gram
serving, the seeds are calorie-dense (574 kcal) and an
excellent source (20% of the Daily
Value, DV, and higher) of protein, dietaryfiber, niacin, iron, zinc, manganese, magnesium and phosphorus. The seeds are a good source (10–19% DV) of riboflavin, folate, pantothenic
acid, sodium and potassium.
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I. Test conditions and technical measures (1) Pond condition test The pond has sufficient water sources, good water quality, and no pollution. The water quality has reached the pollution-free standard by the relevant quality inspection departments of the province and city, that is, it complies with the provisions of GB11607. The pond area is 3-5 acres and the water depth is 1.8 meters on average. The bottom of the pool is flat and less silt. Inlet and drainage are convenient, the upper pipeline enters the water, and the pipeline is drained in the center of the pool. Each pond is equipped with 2-3 sets of 0.75-1.5 kW aerators. (B) preparation before release, clear pond disinfection. Thoroughly remove silt and weeds from the pond. Before the stocking, the dry ponds were exposed for 20-30 days, and then 80-100 kg/mu of quick-lime water was used to clear the pond, and then 5-6 kg/mu of chlorine dioxide was sprayed and disinfected with water. 2, to cultivate basic food. Before 2-3 days of putting seedlings, 50 cm of shrimp pond water, the microbial compound EM per acre pond exposed 1-1.5 kilograms, adjust the water color to dark brown or yellow-green, pool water transparency control at about 30 cm. (3) Selection and stocking of shrimps 1. Selection and desalination of shrimps. When selecting shrimp seedlings, strict quality control was adopted. The stocked shrimp seedlings were purchased from the shrimp nursery with good quality and reputation in Hainan to purchase robust and pathogen-free shrimp seedlings. Each batch of shrimp seedlings was tested by PCR and found to be free from viruses. The first cultured shrimp was due to earlier time and lower temperature. First raise in the greenhouse, thinning the crude for 15-20 days. During desalination, the salinity of the holding pool is first adjusted according to the salinity of the nursery, and then gradually reduced. The salinity decreased by no more than 1 day until the salinity of the pool water is reduced to 1 ‰ - 1.5 ‰. When cultivated to 1.5-2.0 cm, put it in an outdoor shrimp pond. The second cultured shrimp seedlings are first placed on a dense net cage set in an outdoor large pool or centrally raised in outdoor empty pools before being subjected to rough-coarse cultivation. After the first shrimps are gradually caught and listed, they are stocked in batches. Go to the first cultured shrimp pond for culture. 2, shrimp stocking. The first seedlings were released until the outdoor water temperature stabilized at 20°C or more for one week. The stocking time is from May 1 to June of the year, with an average of 280-300,000 acres. The second seedlings will be gradually reared after the first oysters are caught in early July, and the seedling volume will be controlled at 25.0% to 28,000 tail/mu. The total stocking of the second-row shrimp was controlled within 60,000 tail/mu. (IV) Feeding management 1. Water quality management. The quality of water directly affects the growth and survival rate of shrimp. In the early stage of cultivation, the water is mainly added; in the middle and later stages, more water and water are replaced, and the water in the pond is kept micro-flowing throughout the day. At the same time, the aerator was opened in time according to changes in climate and water quality. When the pool water is rich and the water color is rich, the organic pollutants are adsorbed by the zeolite powder and the hydrated lime in time. Every 15-20 days, once the EM original or live water treasure, etc., to improve the sediment and purify the water quality. The pH is maintained at 7.5-8.5 and the dissolved oxygen is above 5 mg/l. 2, feed feeding. Feed selection Ningbo "Tianbang" and Hangzhou "Silver Crown" brand Penaeus vannamei full price pellet feed. First of all, ensure that the feed is fresh and not bad, and the particle size is suitable. According to the growth of shrimp, choose different specifications of feed. The second is to control and adjust the amount of feeding. Daily feeding is mainly based on shrimp feeding conditions and water quality, temperature, so that a small number of meals, to check the bait station without leaving the residual bait principle. The number of feedings is 3-4 times a day, 70%-80% of the amount of feed for the morning and evening, and 20%-30% during the day. 3, daily management. Adhere to the daily morning, midnight and evening patrol inspections. Check whether the various facilities are in good condition, observe changes in the water quality of the shrimp ponds and shrimp feeding activities, check whether there are diseased shrimps and shrimps lacking oxygen and floating heads. (d) Disease prevention and control. Adhere to the principle of "prevention and health management." Every 15 to 20 days in peacetime, use lime and dibromohydantoin and other safe and environmentally friendly drugs to disinfect once. Regularly add 1‰-2‰ vitamin C, virus spirit, suitable tolerance, etc. in feed to enhance shrimp immunity and anti-stress ability. When water is changed, water is mainly added, so that it is not possible to discharge large water and keep the water quality relatively stable. Every 25-30 days to the provincial scientific research and promotion station to detect the virus once, so that disease-free prevention, disease early control. Found that the disease immediately identified the cause of the disease, the diagnosis of the pathogen, and then the right medicine. (five) gain market. The harvesting method mainly uses trapping nets to trap and pull nets, and finally catches in dry ponds. The harvest time is determined according to market demand, price and growth situation. When the South American white prawn is bred for 70-80 days, the specification reaches 60-90 tails/kilogram, that is, catching up and staying small, harvesting and harvesting in batches, and reaching the middle and late October. Start dry pond fishing. Second, the test results 2004 -2005, the total output of 588.7 tons of Penaeus vannamei, the average yield of 535.2 kg per mu; total output value reached 11.168 million yuan, per mu output value of 10169.1 yuan; total profit of 4.62 million yuan, the average net profit reached 4200.0 yuan. III. Summary and Analysis (1) Through two years of experiments, it has been proved that the mode of eco-culture of freshwater fishes in South America is not only feasible, but also the aquaculture production and economic benefits are obviously better than those in previous years. (B) A good pond environment is a strong guarantee for the high yield of P. vannamei. The area of ​​prawn pool is 3-5 mu. It is advisable to use too large and loose baits, which wastes feed and is difficult to manage. It is difficult to control the water quality too small, and the space for shrimp activities is too small to affect growth. The water depth is preferably 1.8-2.2 meters, the water quality is not easy to change, and the stability is good. Sewage pipes should be set in the center of the bottom of the pool, and the bottom dirt should be discharged out of the pool in a timely manner, which can effectively improve the water quality environment at the bottom of the pool. (3) Selection and stocking of shrimps. High-quality shrimp is an important guarantee for improving the survival rate and high yield. Before going into the shrimp, they must be quarantined at the local quality and quarantine department, and they should not enter the seedlings from the affected area to prevent the introduction of the virus. The size of shrimps stocked in the same pool should be as consistent as possible, and preferably 1.0 cm or more. This type of seedlings has strong adaptability to the external environment, and the survival rate of the culture is high. The first seedlings in Jiangsu and Zhejiang are suitable for stocking in early May. The water temperature at this time can basically be stabilized above 20°C. When the seedlings are released, they should be selected for sunny mornings or evenings. Do not let the seedlings bloom when the sun is in direct sunlight or the water is cloudy in rainy weather at noon. The number of seedlings per pod should be 2.6-3.0 thousand per mu. (4) Water quality management is a key technical measure for the high yield of the South American white prawn (Acipenser pupae). The long-term rearing of the double-headed turtles results in easy pollution and aging of the water quality, while the white-pray shrimp culture in South America cannot frequently change the water. In particular, the hot season in July to August each year is a difficult management point. On the one hand, aerators should be grounded and replaced with fresh water to ensure that there is sufficient dissolved oxygen in the tank; on the other hand, once a 15-20 days application of microbial agents such as live water treasure, EM bacteria, and sediment improver, etc. Tests have shown that regular application of beneficial microbial agents is an effective measure to improve water quality and sediment quality and prevent shrimp diseases. (e) From the perspective of market supply and economic efficiency, the breeding of white prawn, South American white prawn, can effectively increase production and economic efficiency. It can not only prolong the growth period of prawns, stagger the peak of market, and achieve a balanced market, but also can greatly reduce the production costs of feed and electricity. As the two-spotted aquaculture was released in batches and caught on the market, a reasonable shrimp density was maintained within the pond. One can enhance the appetite of shrimp and increase the feed conversion rate, and reduce the price of feed; the other can reduce and shorten the number of times and time for starting the aerator, which saves electricity and greatly reduces management pressure. According to the experimental situation, the feed coefficient dipworm breeding is 0.3-0.4 lower than that of the single quail breeding, and the water and electricity double bream breeding has to save 35%-40% compared to the single bream breeding, thereby achieving the purpose of cost reduction and efficiency increase. (6) Batch fishing and safe transportation is one of the important measures to increase shrimp production and economic efficiency. When a portion of the shrimp in the pond reaches the specifications of the commodity, the fish should be arrested in a timely manner to catch fish and catch small fish. It can not only provide the shrimp market in the morning, but also save the feed, and provide more living space for shrimp in ponds and promote growth. Safe transport is also very important, especially during the first harvest of shrimp, which happens to be in the hot season of July and August. A slight carelessness in the transport will cause a large number of shrimp to die. Therefore, shrimps should be anesthetized in ice water at 6°C-8°C for several minutes before transporting, so that the shrimps can basically lose their ability to move and put them into the transport box; the water temperature in the tank is controlled at about 20°C, and appropriate salt is added in the water. In the course of transportation, it is necessary to continuously inflate oxygen, which can greatly increase the survival rate of the transportation and the quality of the shrimp. (7) Improving breeding techniques and expanding product markets are effective ways to promote the sustainable development of white shrimp culture in South America. In recent years, the cultivation of white shrimps in South America has developed rapidly. The increase in total aquaculture has had a great impact on the market, and prices have also fallen and become more saturated. From 2004 to 2005, the average price of white shrimp in South America was only 18.0 yuan per kilogram. Therefore, in order to achieve a win-win result in both yield and efficiency, one must actively promote health and ecological farming models, continue to improve aquaculture technology, reduce production costs, and increase yields; second, actively implement shrimp refrigeration processing, implement anti-season sales, and continuously improve processing. The quality and level of further widening the sales channels to obtain higher economic benefits.