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2. Breeding and Breeding Programs Breeding is the hub for linking all aspects of dairy production. The relationship between breeding and milk production is extremely close. In order to increase milk production income and increase the income of calves, breeding programs must be done. The herd breeding plan is a measure to enable the cows to be mated and delivered at the desired time, and it is also an important basis for preparing the herd turnover plan. The preparation of mating and delivery plans cannot be based on the laws of natural production alone, but how many will be produced when the number of species is allocated; on the basis of a comprehensive study of the law of production and economic requirements of cattle, it is necessary to do a good job of selection and matching, based on the age of reproduction, pregnancy, and Production intervals, production direction, production tasks, feed supply, livestock facilities, and feeding and management standards, etc., determine the time and number of large-scale mating and delivery of cattle, in order to prepare a mating and delivery program. The reproductive characteristics of cows are sporadic mating and childbirth throughout the year, with no obvious seasonal features. The so-called control of calving by plan is to arrange the cow's delivery time to the most suitable season for milk production, which will help improve production performance.
1. The establishment of a breeding program for breeding herds is to first determine the breeding index. The ideal reproduction rate should be 100%, and the calving interval is 12 months, but this is not easy to do. Therefore, in the actual production, the reproduction rate is not less than 85%, and the calving interval does not exceed 13 months. The commonly used indexes for measuring fertility are: total annual fertility rate ≥ 85%, calculation formula: total annual fertility rate = number of fetuses per year/year of mating cows 100% annual fertility rate ≥ 50%, calculation formula: Annual period of conception rate = number of fetal cows per year/year of insemination total number of events 100% of the average tire spacing ≤400 days, the formula: annual average tire run = abortion spacing/number of heads annual reproductive rate ≤85% ,Calculation formula: Annual breeding rate = Number of cows per year per year/100% of the number of prolific cows