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People say that the six-fingered person is smarter. What happens to a dog? Most dogs have five toes, but there are six Great Pyrenees. According to a new study, the reason for this difference is that a gene related to the development of the dog's foot is missing 51 bases. This wayward DNA constitutes a pattern of repeated three bases. The gains and losses of this so-called repeat before and after pattern may help explain why dogs evolved so quickly. The researchers published these findings on the web version of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences this week. There are more than 100 dog breeds in the world. Most of them have a history of more than 1,000 years. Although the appearance and behavior are the same, they all belong to the same category. The researchers speculated that these differences were due to mutations. But the speed of modern dog changes is much faster than mutation accumulation. Harold Garner and John Fondon III of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center decided to study repeat sequences. The reason that the frequency of repetitive sequence changes is faster than mutation is that they originate from a sequencing stutter: enzymes that replicate DNA repetitive regions are often "missing", so sometimes new copies lose some repeats or add one or two repeats Pieces. The researchers sequenced duplicate regions in 17 corresponding developmental genes from 92 breeds of dog breeds. They also measured the skull with a laser scanner and analyzed the relationship between these differences and changes in the number of repeats. Several patterns have emerged! The number of toes is controlled by a gene called Alx-4. The length of the nose fits nicely with the number of repeats in another gene, Runx-2: there is a special repeating segment for breeds that have a nose like a shepherd dog, and those with a face like a pug Variety is another different repeat. When the researchers compared Bubori's DNA, they found that the beagles had one more repeat unit than they did in the 1950s. This may explain why the nose has become longer. However, this change in the number of repeats did not have such a large impact on the wolves. Humans selectively breed some features without considering the dog's need to survive in the harsh natural environment, thus skewing their evolution. Nevertheless, these findings are still significant. Studies have shown that repeating sequences, often considered to be junk DNA, are a novel mechanism for evolution.