At present, the "Vernal Equinox" is approaching, and the preparation and planting of yam has begun in various places. In order to scientifically guide the production of yam, the yam expert guidance group of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, together with the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, put forward the national yam production technical opinions in 2021. 1. North Changshan Medicine Production Area The northern production areas are divided into Northeast (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and other provinces), North China (Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui and other provinces), Northwest (Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang and other provinces) The three major producing areas mainly plant long yam varieties. (1) Preparation before broadcasting 1. Variety selection. The main yam varieties in this area are mainly local characteristic yam varieties. It is recommended to select high-quality yam varieties and geographical indication yam varieties that have passed the local review (appraisal and recognition). The northeast and northwest production areas need to pay attention to the cold resistance of the varieties. 2. Seed potato processing. From the end of February to mid-March, choose healthy seed potatoes without damage, disease, and mildew for seeding. The seeds should be exposed to the sun for more than 10 days in sunny weather, and the seeds should be soaked and dried before sowing. 3. Prepare the ground for broadcast. Choose sandy soil plots where no potato crops have been planted in the previous crop and the groundwater level is below 1.5 meters. Pour the soil deep before winter and freeze and thaw in the sun. According to soil quality and soil fertility, apply more than 500 kilograms of high-quality decomposed farmyard manure and 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N:P:K=15:15:15) about 50 kilograms as seed fertilizer per mu before planting. Mechanical site preparation and ditching, the ditch distance is 0.5-0.8 meters, and the ditch depth is 1.0-1.5 meters. Open the field irrigation and drainage ditches, so that the inner and outer ditches are unobstructed and the irrigation and drainage ditches are separated. Northwest production areas should choose areas below 1500 meters above sea level for planting. (2) Fine seeding 1. Sowing seeds at the right time. When the ground temperature of the cultivated layer is stable at 10℃, it is suitable for seeding. Planting in North China and Northwest production areas is generally in early and mid-April, and in Northeast production areas is generally in early and mid-May. 2. Reasonably dense planting. The planting density of yam varies greatly among different varieties, regions and fertility conditions, generally 3000-11000 plants/mu, and scientific dense planting is carried out according to the principle of "appropriately reduce the planting density of fertile soil and appropriately increase the planting density of poor soil". When sowing, the ditch depth is about 10 cm, and the seed potatoes are placed flat in the ditch with equal plant spacing. After sowing, cover the ground film according to the situation, seal and compact, and keep warm and keep moisture. (3) Strengthen field management 1. Break the membrane and release the seedlings. After the emergence of the seedlings, remove the mulch film and remove the clumping seedlings. Only one strong main stem is retained for each plant. If the seedlings are found to be lacking, replant them in time. 2. Set up a vine. After emergence, materials are selected and set up according to local conditions. Cement pillars can be used as frame materials, the top is pulled tightly by steel wire, the climbing net is suspended and fixed up and down. 3. Cultivation and weeding. Choose a suitable pre-emergence closed herbicide and spray it all over the field after sowing. Shallow hoeing should be used in the early stage of growth, followed by cultivating and loosening the soil for weeding in the later stage. It is recommended to cover the grass with black film. 4. Irrigate properly. Proper irrigation during the growth period, and micro-spray or drip irrigation is recommended. Water all the seedlings should be watered according to the moisture condition during the emergence period; water should be refilled according to the rainfall during the swelling period; the weight gain water should be watered 5-10 days before the beginning of autumn; watering should be stopped 15-20 days before the harvest. In the rainy season, the drainage ditch should be widened in advance and drained in time after the rain to prevent the ditch from collapsing. (4) Scientific fertilization. In accordance with the principle of "mainly organic fertilizers, combined with organic and inorganic fertilizers, and reasonable supplementation of biological bacterial fertilizers and trace elements", scientific fertilization is based on soil quality and nutrient conditions. Apply sufficient base fertilizer with tillage before winter; apply urea appropriately during the vine-swinging period; apply 20-40 kg of 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per acre at the early stage of tuber expansion, or apply a large number of element water-soluble fertilizers with integrated water and fertilizer facilities. 3-5 times; 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed 3-5 times on the foliar surface in the late expansion stage. (5) Controlling pests and diseases. In the early stage of growth, the focus will be on the prevention and control of underground pests and seedling diseases such as cutworms and mole crickets, and the prevention and control of anthracnose, spot blight, phytophthora, root rot, nematodes, and other diseases in the middle and late stages, as well as cotton bollworm, Spodoptera litura, Pests such as thrips, aphids, and scarabs. Adopt a comprehensive prevention strategy of "prevention first, combined prevention and control". Advocate the use of virus-free seed potatoes, rejuvenating seed potatoes with more than a few seeds, and breeding seed potatoes in different places. It is necessary to adopt measures such as soaking seeds with chemicals and expanding the row spacing to reduce the occurrence of virus diseases and nematode diseases. Use insecticidal lamps, sex attractants, food attractants, swatches to trap and kill, release natural enemies and other green prevention and control measures to control insect pests. Determine specific chemical control measures based on the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, pay attention to the rotation of pesticide application, and eliminate overdose medication. (6) Harvesting at an appropriate time. According to market demand, harvest on sunny days and dig out in sequence. For the seed potatoes stored in the warehouse, start to dig when the plant leaves wither after the first frost, and air them in time for 1-2 days after harvesting to dry the epidermis moisture. (7) Safe storage. Choose seed potatoes with standard appearance, pure color, no disease spots, insect damage or mechanical damage, and avoid storage after rain or frost. Spread a layer of fine sand or straw on the floor of the cold storage, and place the yam layer by layer from end to end, and the pile height does not exceed 1.5 meters. The storage temperature is maintained at 3-5℃, the relative humidity is maintained at 60%-75%, and proper ventilation is provided. 2. Southern yam medicine production area The southern production area is divided into three major production areas: Southwest (Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing and other provinces), Central China (Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces), and Southeast (Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Hainan and other provinces) , The terrain in the region is complex and the altitude varies greatly, and yam yam is the main plant. (1) Optimizing good potatoes 1. Variety selection. According to the consumption habits of various regions, preferential selection of good local varieties, and reasonable selection of early-maturing or mid-late-maturing disease-resistant varieties in combination with cropping arrangements and time to market. For lumpy yam varieties, choose stubby tubers or potato-shaped oblate varieties. It is recommended to select high-quality yam varieties and geographical indication yam varieties that have passed the local review (appraisal, recognition). The southwest mountainous area also needs to pay attention to the cold tolerance of the varieties. 2. Processing before broadcast. Choose high-quality virus-free seed potatoes or rejuvenated seed potatoes with more than zero seeds, disease-free healthy potato chunks or larger ones for seeding. Prepare enough seed potatoes about 20 days before sowing, and plant them in the sun for 3-5 days. Choose 20-30 cm budded stems at the top for seeding. The weight is 50-100 grams. The fleshy and healthy tubers should be cut into 5-10 cm long and 80-100 grams of potato pieces. The weight is more than 20 grams. Can be seeded directly. Seed potatoes are soaked in medicine, dried, and germinated for 15-25 days. In areas where the temperature is lower than 15 ℃, set up arched sheds to accelerate germination, and sow seeds after the new shoots break. (2) Scientific farming 1. Soil preparation and fertilization. Choose sandy soil or loose yellow loam with high terrain, convenient drainage and irrigation, and deep soil without potato crops. According to the soil quality and fertility of the plot, apply 1-2 tons of fully decomposed farmyard manure and 30-50 kg of 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per mu before planting as base fertilizer. After fertilization, deep plough and fine rake; or apply decomposed organic per mu in furrow after ridge Fertilizer 200-400 kg, 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 15-30 kg. Special attention should be paid to the application of quicklime, soil conditioners, alkaline fertilizers, etc. to improve the soil in the mountainous areas of Southwest China and the hilly areas of South China. 2. Cultivation methods. The cultivation methods of southern yam are mainly divided into the following four types: One is the cultivation of powder ridges. Before planting, carry out mechanical powder ridges, the width of the ridges is about 30 cm, the ridge spacing is 1.0-1.5 meters, the furrow depth is 0.8-1.2 meters, the plant spacing of medium and small potato varieties is 15-20 cm, and the plant spacing of large potato varieties is 25-30 cm. Cover with black mulch after sowing, and do a good job of dredging the irrigation and drainage ditches in the field. The second is directional cultivation. For soil preparation, the border is 1.0-1.2 meters wide, the border is 30-40 cm wide, and the border is about 20 cm deep; in hilly areas with gentle slopes, the border is built along the contour line of the slope, and the border is 1.2-1.6 meters wide. Use a yam directional slotting machine to slot trenches with a distance of 20-30 cm and an inclination of 15-20 degrees. Lay plastic directional grooves or hard plastic sheets, and place filling materials such as straw, corn stalks, and mushroom residue in the grooves. The thickness of soil covering on the border surface and in the orientation trough is 10-15 cm, and a seeding hole is reserved on the top. Cover the border surface with black mulch, geotextile, etc. after covering the soil, and do a good job of dredging the irrigation and drainage ditches in the field. The third is perforated cultivation. Sandy loam with low and gentle terrain, rich soil and convenient irrigation and drainage, with a row spacing of 1.0-1.2 meters, is planted with a drilling machine. Choose the hole diameter according to the tuber thickness, the hole distance is 20-30 cm, and the hole depth is 0.8-1.0 meters. Apply base fertilizer around the hole, and fill the hole with straw, coconut chaff, wood chaff, etc. Ridging along the seeding row, the height of the ridge is 20-30 cm, and the seeding hole is reserved. Fourth, ridged cultivation of massive yam. Rotary tillage, ridge and cultivating integrated machine is used for land preparation and ridging. The large ridge spacing is about 1.6 meters, the double row spacing is about 0.6 meters, the ridge height is about 30 cm, the small ridge depth is about 10 cm, and the plant spacing is about 30 cm. Cover with black mulch after sowing, and do a good job of dredging the irrigation and drainage ditches in the field. 3. Sowing seeds at the right time. The suitable sowing period is from mid-to-late February to mid-to-late July. Each region should reasonably determine the sowing date according to the light and temperature conditions in the area, time to market, planting stubble, etc., sowing with suitable moisture content, and watering properly before vine rejection, see dry wet. The suitable sowing period for early-maturing varieties is from mid-to-late February to early-mid-March, directional cultivation for mid-late-maturing varieties is from late March to late April, and ridge and ridge cultivation are from mid-April to early May. Off-season cultivation areas are available. Sow in mid-to-late July. Early sowing is appropriate in tropical areas, and late sowing in high-altitude areas. 4. Reasonably dense planting. The planting density of medium and small potato varieties in powder ridge cultivation is increased to 3000-4500 plants/mu, and the planting density of large potato varieties is reduced to 750-1500 plants/mu; perforation cultivation is appropriate to plant 1800-3000 plants per acre, and directional cultivation per mu It is advisable to plant 1800-2200 plants per mu, and plant 2500-2800 plants per mu in massive ridged yam cultivation; suitable planting density for early-maturing ginseng potato and late-maturing potato varieties is 1700-2200 plants/mu, and brown yam varieties are suitable for planting The density is 3000-3500 plants/mu, and the suitable planting density of sweet potato varieties is about 3000 plants/mu; it is advisable to plant 2000-2500 plants per mu for off-season cultivation. (4) Fine management 1. Break the membrane and release the seedlings. After sowing, pay attention to field inspections to check the emergence of seedlings. In mulching cultivation, the film should be broken and the seedlings should be released in time. After emergence, the clumping seedlings should be removed and the main stem should be retained. 2. Set up a vine. On flat land and low-lying plots, erect a 1.5-1.8-meter high net frame in the forward direction after emergence; gentle slopes and high-lying fields can be cultivated with low or no frame, and yam stems and vines are covered on the ridges. 3. Cultivation and weeding. After sowing, use a suitable pre-emergence closed herbicide to spray throughout the field, which can be combined with intertillage, top dressing, pesticide application, soil cultivation and other regular weeding. It is recommended to use black mulch, geotextile or grass cloth to cover. 4. Irrigate properly. In the early stage of growth, less water should be supplemented. In the middle and late stages, depending on the rainfall and soil moisture, sprinkler irrigation is recommended. The integrated spray and drip irrigation of water and fertilizer under the mulch is promoted. Water frequently with small water during the rapid growth period and tuber swelling period; in high temperature weather in summer, cover corn stalks, straw, etc. on the surface of the directional trough, and spray water appropriately to reduce the soil temperature; stop watering 15-20 days before harvesting. Pay attention to regular inspection and dredging of the irrigation and drainage ditches in the field, timely irrigation for continuous drought, and timely drainage of field water after rainfall, to ensure that "rain stops dry the fields". 5. Fertilize scientifically. Fertilizers should be applied in small amounts and multiple times. According to soil fertility and plant growth, urea topdressing should be 3-5 kg ​​per mu during the vine-swinging period; 15-30 kg potassium sulfate compound fertilizer should be applied per acre during the tuber swelling period; 0.2% should be sprayed depending on the growth of the plant in the late swelling period. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2-3 times. In off-season cultivation areas, it is recommended to reduce the amount of base fertilizer, and drip irrigation can be combined with water-soluble fertilizer in the later stage. 6. Excluding more than one child. At the later stage of tuber enlargement, the rest of the seeds are removed except for the remaining seeds. (5) Prevention and control of pests and diseases. Focus on the prevention and treatment of yam anthracnose, brown spot, fusarium wilt, wilt, virus disease and other diseases, as well as noctuids, red spiders, aphids, sawfly, scarabs, cutworms and other pests. Adopt a comprehensive prevention strategy of "reasonable collocation of prevention and control measures and coordination of chemical prevention and control". Advocate the use of virus-free seed potatoes, more than a few seeds to rejuvenate seed potatoes, and chemical treatment before seeding. Combining agricultural, physical, and biological control measures, implement paddy and dry crop rotation or rational crop rotation with non-host crops, apply mulching materials to prevent weeds and combine with intertillage weeding; use high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides to prevent and control pests and diseases, and pay attention to the rational combination and rotation of pesticides ; Strictly abide by the pesticide safety interval and prevent overdose medication. (6) Harvesting at an appropriate time. According to variety maturity and market conditions, harvest in batches and orderly. Early-maturing varieties are generally harvested from early August to late September; late-maturing varieties begin to be harvested after the vines wither, and the harvest period is from late November to March to May of the following year. In the southeast production area, the sambal and ginseng potato varieties generally start to be harvested in late October, and the sweet potato varieties generally start to be harvested in late November. Dry in time for 2-3 days after harvest. (7) Scientific storage. A small amount of seed potatoes can be stored in the cellar, the stacking height is not more than 1 meter, and the stacking spacing is about 0.5 meters. After stacking, spray fungicides and cover with sand for storage and keep well ventilated. A large number of seed potatoes should be stored in cold storage. The storage temperature of ginseng potato, sweet potato and sweet potato varieties is maintained at 12-15℃, and the relative humidity is maintained at 60%-70%; the storage temperature of yam cultivars is maintained at 4-8℃, and the relative humidity is maintained at 70%-80%; After harvest, the yam is fully dried and stored for 2-3 days. The storage temperature is first raised to 35-38°C and kept for 4 days and nights, then the storage temperature drops to 15-18°C, and the relative humidity is maintained at 60-70%. Proper ventilation should be used during storage. On slopes or dry land where there is no frost or freezing rain, cut vines and sun ridges to cover them with thick film, and do a good job of drainage of ditches. The remaining seeds can be stored in sand. Disclaimer: Some articles on this website are transferred from the Internet. 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