When to build an apple orchard The apple orchard is planted in autumn and spring. Spring planting had the highest survival rate after thawing the soil and before germination, and before buds sprouted. The suitable period for autumn planting is from fallen leaves to before the soil is frozen. At this time, the soil moisture is good, the temperature is high, the seedling wounds are easy to heal, and new roots can be promoted. The site selection of apple orchard should be scientific There are five aspects to pay attention to when choosing the location of the apple orchard: first, focus on the continuum. Centralized and continuous planning and construction of parks, in order to facilitate intensive operation and management, quickly form commodity scales and production centers, expand visibility, and participate in market competition. Second, the terrain is flat. Choose a gentle slope with a flat terrain or less than 5 degrees, and build the garden in a place with sufficient light, large temperature difference between day and night, and good ventilation. Avoid building gardens in low-lying, waterlogged wetlands. Third, the soil is good. The soil depth of the garden should be more than 60 cm. The soil is loose and has good permeability. Neutral or slightly acidic loam or sandy loam is suitable. Fourth, the altitude is higher. The garden was built at an altitude of 800 to 1200 meters. The strong ultraviolet rays can make apples more colorful. The altitude is too high, the accumulated temperature is not enough, and the sugar content of the fruit is reduced, which will affect the coloring. Fifth, deepen the soil. To build a garden on soil with thin soil layer, thick texture or sticky soil, it is necessary to deepen the soil and apply more farm fertilizer. New Apple Orchard The selection of seedlings should adhere to the principle of "self-propagation and self-cultivation, self-cultivation and self-planting". Priority should be given to 2 to 3 years old seedlings with intact root systems, no pests and diseases, full buds, pure rootstock, and strong growth. The standard for high-quality seedlings is: there are more than 3 main roots, the length is more than 20 cm, the base thickness is more than 0.45 cm, and there are more small lateral roots and fibrous roots; Thicker than 1.2 cm, the buds on the seedlings are full, and there are more than 8 full buds in the plastic band; the grafting interface is good, and there are no quarantine objects for pests and diseases. In terms of variety matching, "Fuji" and "Pink Lady" can be selected for late-maturing varieties; "Honey Crisp" and "Royal Gala" can be selected for middle-maturing varieties. At the same time, care should be taken to select 2 to 3 pollinating varieties that have good affinity with the main planting varieties. The ratio of the main planted varieties to the pollinated varieties should be 5: 1 or 4: 1, and the pollinated varieties should be distributed as evenly as possible in the garden. Planting density of new apple orchards determined Qiao anvil-common anvil and ear combination The tree has the strongest growth potential, the crown is tall, and the number of long branches is the largest, which is difficult to control. The general row spacing is 4-6 meters, and the plant spacing is 2.5-4 meters. The specific planting distance should be determined according to local conditions. For example, on flat land or mountain hills with good water and fertilizer conditions, row spacing of 5-6 meters and plant spacing of 4 meters are better, and 417 to 500 plants per hectare; in hilly fields with poor fertilizer and water conditions, row spacing of 4 to 4.5 meters and plant spacing of 3 to 4 meters is appropriate, 624 to 740 plants per hectare; and in dry land and barren land, row and plant spacing should be reduced by about 0.5 meters. Qiao anvil ~ short branch type, dwarfed middle anvil ~ short branch type, dwarfed anvil ~ short branch type ~ anvil and ear combination The overall growth potential of these three combinations is significantly weaker than that of the anvil ~ common type combination, the crown is smaller 1 / 3 ~ 1/2. Therefore, the row and plant spacing should be 0.5 to 1 meter smaller than that of ordinary varieties. The combination of dwarfed middle anvil ~ common type anvil ~ spike combination has a moderate tree shape and a large crown. The row spacing is 3 to 4 meters and the plant spacing is 2 to 3 meters. It is 825 to 1665 per hectare. The combination of dwarfing from rootstock to common type anvil to panicle combination is weak or weak, and the dwarfing degree of the tree body is moderate. The row spacing is 4 meters and the plant spacing is 1.5-2 meters. Under the same cultivation conditions, the annual growth of virus-free stocks and spikes is about 30% larger than that of virus-containing stocks. The tree is strong, the crown is large, the branches are long, and it is difficult to control. The plant spacing is 0.5 to 1 meter larger than that with viruses, and it is advisable to plant 990 to 1665 plants per hectare. New apple orchard with three tree shapes to choose from The slender spindle shape is suitable for dwarf and short-branch varieties with a row spacing of 2 meters by 3.5 to 4 meters, and it is a tree shape currently popularized in dense plantations. The basic structure is 60 to 70 cm dry and about 3 meters high. The central stem is strong and erect, and 14 to 18 uniaxial temporary small main branches with moderate growth, similar power, and spiral rise are directly and uniformly grown thereon. The distance between the small main branches is 15 to 25 cm, and the branch spread does not exceed 1 meter. The thickness is l ~ 3.5 cm, the opening angle is 100 ° ~ 110 °, the distance between the small main branches in the same direction is 80 ~ 90 cm, and the small main branches grow about 15 cm on each side to produce a small and small fruiting branch group. The whole tree is slender, slightly shorter from top to bottom, slightly longer from the middle, and spindle-shaped. After the formation, the group structure of the garden reached no handover between the plants, and a 1-meter operating belt was left between the rows. The number of branches per mu is controlled at 60,000 to 80,000. The improved spindle shape is suitable for Qiaohua varieties and semi-dwarf varieties with a row spacing of 3m × 4 ~ 5m. The basic structure is that the trunk is 60 to 70 cm high and the tree is 3 to 3.5 meters high. The middle stem is strong and erect, and the base is born with three strong permanent main branches with a length of 1.3 ~ 1.5 meters. The angle opens to 80 ° ~ 85 °. On the two sides of the small main branch, one is directly implanted at intervals of 20 ~ 30 cm. Small and medium-sized fruiting branch group; 8 to 9 uniform unilaterally extending temporary main branches with medium growth, similar power, similar forces, inserted in a row, and spirally rising, with uniform branches growing from 1 to 1.3 meters, opened The angle is 100 °. On both sides of the small main branch, a drooping fruiting branch is inserted every 15-20 cm. After the formation, the orchard group structure reached no interplantation, leaving 1 to 1.5 meters of operation belts between rows, and the number of acre branches was controlled to 70,000 to 80,000. The sparse crown structure is suitable for common stock varieties with 3 to 4 m × 5 m row spacing. The basic structure is that the dry height is 60 to 80 cm, and the tree height and crown diameter are 3 to 3.5 meters. The whole tree has 5 to 6 small main branches, arranged in layers, 3 main branches on the first layer, and 2 to 3 main branches on the second layer. The first layer has an inner distance of 20 ~ 30 cm. Generally, only two main branches are left in the full fruit period. The distance between the first layer and the second layer is 100 ~ 110 cm. On the first layer, each main branch is equipped with 1 to 2 small side branches, which are arranged on two sides. The main branch of the second layer does not leave side branches, but only various branch groups. The opening angle of the main branch is 70 ° ~ 75 °. How apple trees are planted Ditching (cavity) soil improvement planning The land plot for gardening should be done well several months in advance. It is best to dig in summer or autumn or spring in summer to allow sufficient time for deep soil. Mature. The specific method is: according to the determined row direction and row spacing, excavate a planting ditch (hole) with a width of 1 meter and a depth of 0.8 to 1.0 meter. During excavation, firstly, the topsoil and the bottom soil should be stacked separately; secondly, the layers should be backfilled in time. The lower part of the trench (hole) should be filled with comminuted crop straws, weeds, leaves and other organic matter, and then filled with topsoil and organic fertilizer. , Phosphate fertilizer mixture, and finally covered with subsoil. Before pit digging and planting at fixed points, according to the determined plant spacing, draw a fixed point in the middle of the filled planting trench (hole) that has been dug back, and then dig a 30 cm square planting pit for planting with the planting point as the center. Before the seedlings are treated, the seedlings should be checked, registered, and then classified according to quality. Weak, weak, deformed, and excessively rooted seedlings with poor quality can be removed, or faked. For the selected seedlings, cut off the main and lateral roots a little, and then soak the seedlings in clear water for a whole day and night to make them fully absorb water. When planting, completely immerse the seedlings in the prepared phosphate fertilizer solution (1.5 kg of high-quality superphosphate + 10 kg of loess + 50 kg of water, stir well) for half an hour or plant with dipping. You can also soak the roots of the seedlings in 1% ~ 2% superphosphate solution for 12 ~ 24 hours, and then dip the roots in mud to plant. Planting will cultivate the bottom of the planting pit into a mound shape, so that the root system is evenly distributed on the mound, straighten the seedlings, and then fill the top soil around the root system, and gently lift the seedlings to make the root system stretch, and then use the foot to make the soil root Tightly close, and finally fill the soil until the ground is even, and ensure that the soil marks on the dried seedlings are level with or slightly higher than the ground. After planting, timely irrigation, and then seal the soil for protection. At the time of planting, it should be noted that about 10% of the "prepared seedlings" of the same variety and quality are planted between the rows of plants. If there are unlived or damaged plants in the second year, they can be replanted in autumn to maintain a uniform garden appearance. Apple Orchard Management Buried soil for cold protection In winter, the climate is relatively cold, dry, and accompanied by high winds. Newly planted seedlings must be buried for cold protection before the soil is frozen. When burying the soil, first make a "soil beam" around the seedlings to prevent the seedlings from being broken when the seedlings are bent, and then slowly bend the seedlings in a slightly northwest direction so that they are close to or close to the ground. The seedlings are covered with soil 30 ~ 50 cm thick, and the seedlings are completely buried. Be careful when pulling and bending the seedlings to be light and slow when they are dry, and to smash the soil when they are covered, but you can't smash them with your feet or tools to prevent damage to the seedlings. Plane the soil and dry it. Plane the soil and dry it in time before germinating the cold-proof seedlings in spring. Generally, after Qingming temperature rises and stabilizes, you can plan the soil and put seedlings. You can plan the seedlings all at once, or you can plan the seedlings according to the weather. After the seedlings are released, the seedlings should be fixed in time, with a dry height of 0.8 to 1.0 meters. If the quality of the seedlings is poor, the fixed height should be lower. After setting, seal the cut with plastic film tape, wax or fruit healing agent. Miao dry bagging is made of ordinary agricultural plastic film with a length of 5 to 7 cm and a length of 90 to 110 cm. The three sides are sealed and one side is an open long plastic bag. Autumn planting seedlings are planed in the spring of the second year, and the seedlings are set to dry and then bagged. When bagging, the seedlings are all covered with plastic bags from top to bottom, and the lower end is buried in the soil. When the young shoots in the bag grow to about 3 cm, remove the bag 3 to 4 times to make the seedlings in the bag gradually adapt to the external environment. For the first time, open 4 to 5 holes with a diameter of about 1 cm around the bag to ventilate it, and then expand it every 2 to 3 days. After 6 to 8 days, when the temperature and humidity conditions inside and outside the bag are basically the same, all in the evening. Remove the residual bag. It should not be too early, too urgent or too late to remove the bag. If it is removed too early, the shoots may still be harmed by pests such as chafers; if the removal is too fast, new leaves are quickly exposed to the dry atmosphere from the high humidity environment. The margin is easy to scorch; too late to remove the bag, because the temperature in the bag is too high, it is easy to burn the leaves or to distort because the new shoots grow too long. Disclaimer: Some articles on this website are transferred from the Internet. 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Editor's note: At present, it's another year to build the park. Apple is the main cultivated fruit tree in northern China. Although the apple trees currently planted have to pass the test of severe winter, the survival rate of seedlings is low, but the slow seedling period is short, the next year germinates early, and the seedlings are growing. Seizing this period to build apple orchards is of great significance to increase the income of fruit farmers.