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Colostrum is a thick creamy yellow secretion secreted by the cow 5 to 7 days after childbirth. Colostrum is not only rich in nutrients, but also contains various enzymes, antibodies, immune bodies, and substances that have laxative effects. Colostrum contains a large number of biologically active substances, mainly including some immunologically active substances such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, immune cells, and other unknown growth-promoting factors such as insulin-like growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth factor. Fibrous growth factors and platelet-derived factors. First, the composition of colostrum Colostrum can provide an important source of nutrition for calves, the energy stored in calves can be consumed within hours. The carbohydrate, fat, and protein in colostrum are important sources of energy. Colostrum is yellow, bitter, and off-flavour, and its protein, fat, inorganic salts, and vitamins are significantly higher than those of conventional milk. Colostrum viscosity, acidity, relative density are higher than regular milk, but due to the rich lactalbumin and lactoglobulin, so poor heat resistance, generally also used in dairy processing. Second, colostrum has an effect on the growth and development of yak 1. The special role of colostrum Newborn yak due to gastrointestinal empty, the fourth stomach and intestinal wall mucosa is not very developed, the resistance to bacteria is very weak, and special in colostrum The function is to replace the function of the intestinal mucosa. The colostrum can cover the wall of the stomach and can prevent bacteria from invading the blood and increase resistance to diseases. Colostrum and immunoglobulins in colostrum can kill a variety of pathogenic microorganisms and inhibit the activity of certain pathogens. K-Ag lectin can resist E. coli in special strains. After feeding colostrum, it can effectively prevent diarrhea caused by E. coli in calves in 3 weeks. The high acidity of colostrum (45-50T) can make stomach acid become acidic, which is not conducive to the derivation of harmful microorganisms, but it is conducive to the activation of the activity of digestive enzymes in the stomach and promote the improvement of gastrointestinal function as soon as possible. There are more magnesium salts in colostrum, and light drainage can promote the elimination of meconium. Colostrum is rich in easily digestible nutrients; colostrum can promote the secretion of a large amount of digestive juice in the fourth stomach. A large number of digestive enzymes can promote Gastrointestinal function is formed as soon as possible. 2. Improve immunity The newly born calves are not immune. The immunomodulatory peptides, immunoglobulins, and other immune substances in colostrum can promote the production of T cells in the thymus, enhance the immune system, and at the same time regulate the correction of immune disorders so that the immune viruses that invade the body no longer appear. After calves eat colostrum, immunoglobulins are absorbed directly into the blood through the intestinal wall in an undigested state, giving the calves passive immunity. 3. Growth-promoting effect Colostrum is a source of nutrients and a carrier for biological growth of active substances. It can strengthen the body's metabolism, promote the synthesis of body tissues, and change the body's endocrine state. Milk-derived polypeptide factors are Yak's intestinal growth plays a major role. The former Soviet Union scholars conducted experiments on the effects of colostrum and its preparations on the growth intensity of piglets and young cattle. Under sterile conditions, colostrum preparations were prepared from colostrum produced 1 to 2 days after delivery of healthy cows and grouped with 52 piglets. The average daily gain of experimental pigs injected with colostrum preparations was 223.3g, which was an increase of 204.7% over the daily gain of 184.7g of piglets in the control group. At the same time, 30 colts were injected with colostrum preparations 3 times and tested within 3 months. The group gained 977g daily, 21% more than the 805g in the control group. Domestic technicians performed experiments on the effects of lamb colostrum injections on weight gain. The cow colostrum was injected into the neck of the lamb after 1 to 2 days postpartum. The first injection of 9mL or 115mL, the second injection of 15mL, the results of different injection doses and different number of injections of 31 test lambs, the total weaning daily gain (134.1142.65) g, while the control group (11 The average daily weight gain was (102.926.66) g, which was increased by 30.33% (P<0.01) in the experimental group compared with the control group. The average daily weight gain of the 13 lambs injected twice was (14944.05) g. The average daily weight gain of the 18 lambs of the milk preparation was (123.2137.68) g, the daily gain of the former was 21.11% higher than that of the latter, and the daily weight gain of the 15 mL injection was 91.75% higher than that of the 9 mL injection. Insufficient impact on yak mortality In 2003, due to the relatively high death of yak (January to April), the leaders of ranch also found this problem and took measures. After a comprehensive analysis of various factors, it was found that yak was not timely. After eating colostrum and eating too much, because the congregation worker and the milker are not a single person, calves cannot eat colostrum in time when cattle are produced at night, and other calves are born without eating. The salty taste is special, many yaks do not want to eat and miss the colostrum Time and quantity.After discovering the problem, solving it in time, strengthening the work of eating colostrum, the calf's mortality rate has greatly decreased.For the accuracy of the data, the time was chosen from January 1, 2003 to March 31, 2003 and The yak was born from January 1, 2004 to March 31, 2004. There were several differences in comparison: 1) The temperature in January 2004 was 2°C lower than in 2003; 2 The time for comparison was different; 3 Colostrum was strengthened in 2004 Feeding power is the same as the others, as shown in Tables 1 to 3. IV. Analysis of high yak mortality caused by insufficient colostrum feeding 1. Effect of colostrum absorption time The digestive tract of animals was aseptic at birth. Once in contact with the external environment, microorganisms will grow and multiply in the digestive tract.Because eating colostrum early on, it is expected that the growth of beneficial bacteria such as lactic acid will prevail.If colostrum intake is late or there is no colostrum intake, its gastrointestinal tract In an alkaline environment, the growth and reproduction of beneficial bacteria will become passive due to the inhibition of harmful bacteria, and they will not grow and reproduce, and the incidence of digestive tract diseases in young animals will also increase. In addition, many harmful microorganisms enter the gastrointestinal tract. After the road, The macromolecules in the colostrum compete for receptors on the intestinal mucosa and inhibit the absorption of biologically active substances in the colostrum.The immunoglobulin in colostrum is a macromolecule, it cannot be intestines of young animals and adult animals. Although the natural heritability has the ability to absorb macromolecules in the intestine of newborn yak, the absorption of this colostrum antibody generally only exists for 24 hours, and then it drops sharply. After 24 hours, the digestive tract of yak begins. As the antibodies in the colostrum are digested and decomposed so that they cannot be completely absorbed into the bloodstream, the calf’s chance to obtain antibodies through the colostrum is lost, so any delay in the first few hours after the calf's birth will be delayed. The amount of antibody absorption will be significantly reduced, and the yak will completely lose its ability to absorb antibodies after 24 hours. Therefore, timely feeding of colostrum during the first few hours after the calf's birth is crucial. The antibodies in colostrum can clean the intestinal tract, saturate and cover the absorption zone of macromolecules in the yak's intestine, prevent the attachment of pathogenic microorganisms to the intestinal wall, and can effectively reduce the occurrence of diarrhea in calves in the first few weeks. The fewer colostrums that calves consume, the less likely it is that they will receive antibodies through colostrum. 2. Physiological characteristics of yak born Newly born yak has undergone great changes in physiology (such as nutrition, respiration, and body temperature adjustment), and gradually adapts to the living environment outside the uterus from the living environment of the cow uterus. Various kinds of stimuli in the external environment responded and gradually formed conditioned reflexes so as to maintain unity with the external environment. As the first few days after birth, the mucosa of the digestive tract is easily penetrated by bacteria, the protection of the skin is poor, and the nervous system response is slow. In particular, due to sudden changes in the living environment, although its own body temperature regulation function has been completed, its resistance to external air temperature (cold) is still weak. Its critical temperature is 15°C, and it can be reduced to about 2°C after 12 weeks of age. There must be a transitional period for the environment to achieve complete reunification. During the transitional period, it is vulnerable to the invasion of many kinds of external pathogens and can easily cause the occurrence and death of diseases. When calves are born, antibody-macromolecule proteins can enter the blood through the small intestine wall of calves after digestion. The average absorption rate of antibodies in calves is 20%, but the range of variation is 6% to 4.5%. Absorption rate of antibodies It fell sharply from 2 to 3 hours after birth. As the calf's digestion of the antibody increases, the permeability of the intestinal cells to the antibody decreases dramatically, and large protein molecules cannot enter the bloodstream through the intestinal wall. After 24 hours of birth, the calf will not be able to absorb intact antibodies (intestinal closure). If calves cannot be eaten within 12 hours of birth, it will be difficult for the calves to obtain sufficient immunity. After 24 hours of birth, the calf will not be fed. Milk calves, of which 50% of calves cannot be protected because they cannot absorb antibodies, many of these calves will die. 3. Colostrum is not eaten early To protect the calf from infection by the disease, the concentration of antibodies in the blood should be at least 10 mg/mL serum. According to research data, the feeding time and amount of feeding on the calf mortality and blood The concentration of antibody in the relationship is very important. Only 1 to 2 kg of colostrum is fed within 12 hours of birth and 12 months after birth to provide sufficient antibodies to the calves. If the colostrum is less than 2 kg or the first feeding is delayed, there will be a shortage of antibody in the blood (<10 mg/kg). mL serum = most of the antibodies in yak serum were from the first colostrum. After 12 hours of colostrum feeding, the absorption and proportion of antibodies decreased, and almost no antibodies were absorbed in colostrum fed 24 hours after birth. Therefore, regardless of the amount of colostrum feeding, the delayed feeding of colostrum will affect the absorption of antibodies, as shown in Table 4 and Table 5. V. Colostrum feeding techniques 1. Feeding methods Once the calf's breathing is normal after delivery, After birth, calves should be fed with colostrum in a timely manner (best within 1h), and 5kg should be fed within 24 hours to ensure adequate antibody protein.The optimum environment for newborn calves is 25°C. Therefore, thermal insulation should be given. Ventilation, light and good housekeeping conditions will gradually raise the calf's ability to respond to the outside world.The calf's colostrum temperature should be between 36 and 38 °C. To ensure that the milk temperature can be warmed by a hot water bath, direct heating is needed. Milk is prone to coagulation and should be given manually if milk is used to feed colostrum In general, people stick their fingers in the milk to allow the calves to suck, and no matter what kind of tools they use to feed, they must not be forcibly poured in. The weak calf or midwifery, the first time feeding, most of the reactions are weak, and the amount is very low. Small, patience should be fed several times in a short time to ensure the necessary amount of colostrum, should be fed for the second time after 4~5h, and then fed 3 times a day, and the temperature during feeding is kept at 35~38°C. Low temperature colostrum must be warmed to prevent yak gastrointestinal function disorders, resulting in diarrhea; On the contrary, if the temperature is too high, it can cause stomatitis due to overstimulation, or lead calves to refuse to eat colostrum. Each time you suckle for 1~2h, you should drink warm boiled water (35~37°C) to make up the water. 2. The production and feeding method of fermented colostrum usually adopts natural fermentation method, and feeds the remaining fresh colostrum to calves. Several cows' colostrum was mixed together. After filtering, they were poured into plastic vats, covered with lids, placed in a room without direct sunlight, and allowed to ferment naturally. Each day they were stirred with wooden sticks 1 or 2 times, and they were immediately covered. Good, room temperature 10～15°C, it can be fermented after 5～7d. The shorter the fermentation time is: 15 to 20°C, 3 to 4 days, 20 to 25°C, 2 days, 25 to 30°C, ld: 30°C or higher, only 12 hours. The fermented colostrum is slightly yellow. Aromatic sour, evenly dense, the upper part of the clot, the shape of the bean curd or flocculent, the lower part of the whey sometimes isolated.The acidity of 70 ~ 100T is better, with litmus paper test pH 4 ~ 5. With fermented colostrum When yaks are fed, they should be stirred well, remove the required amount of fermented colostrum, dilute with hot water at a ratio of 1:1 or 2:1, and adjust the temperature to about 38°C. After the yak is born, the mother's colostrum is fed within 3 to 5 days after birth, and then the fermented colostrum is fed to the calf. The appetite of the individual calf when fed with the fermented colostrum for the first time is poor, and it can gradually adapt after 1 to 2 days. 3. The amount of feeding should be based on the weight of the calf, each time the amount required is different (1.25 ~ 2.5kg), should be fed 3 ~ 4 times in 24h, each feeding amount can not exceed the stomach volume of the calf ( 5% of body weight, such as a 40kg calf can feed 2kg). 4. Disinfection of feeding utensils Feeding colostrum can use clean bottles or milk cans. All containers must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before and after use to cut off the transmission route of bacteria. When raising calves, several points should be taken care of: selection of breeders; supplement of calves with drinking water; utensils for calf milk, should be carefully washed with water above 40°C after each feeding, and disinfected. VI. Conclusion The purpose of eating colostrum is to raise good cows, reduce costs, and increase profits. A large number of experiments have proved that calves must eat colostrum in time after birth, and colostrum has unique biological value for newly-born calves through the early difficulties. Through colostrum, the quality of yaks can be enhanced, healthy and excellent herds can be obtained, individual differences in herds can be reduced, and large clusters can be reduced to feed, uneven feeding caused by reducing individual differences, improving production efficiency and reducing nutrition. Metabolic disease, improve product quality, raise the level of feeding, reduce costs, increase production.