Cultivation technology of tomato greenhouse in winter

Another name is tomato, which is rich in nutrition and has special flavor. It is one of the most popular fruits and vegetables cultivated in the world. The United States, Russia, Italy, and China are the main producers. In Europe and the United States, China and Japan, there are large-scale greenhouses, plastic greenhouses and other protected facilities for growing tomatoes to ensure the supply of low season. In recent years, the area of ​​growing tomatoes in greenhouses in China is gradually expanding.

1 Variety selection

A new tomato variety suitable for planting in January is "double surplus" tomato. This variety was introduced by the Swiss Syngenta Seed Co., Ltd. The characteristics of the variety are: hybrid red tomato, unlimited growth type, strong growth potential, medium internodes; easy to set fruit, uniform fruit, slightly round fruit, 34 ventricles ; The average single fruit weight is about 200g, and the fruit is hard and resistant to storage and transportation. It is resistant to leaf mold, fusarium wilt, verticillium wilt, root rot, gray spot, gray mold, and tomato mosaic virus disease. In addition to being very suitable for cultivation in greenhouses, Beyond has the advantages of pressure resistance and transport, long shelf life, high yield, strong stress resistance, and high fruit hardness, with a hardness of 7 (1 means soft, 9 means partial hard).

2 Seeding and nursery

It is generally sown in early January. If small arch sheds and plastic mulch are added to the plastic shed, the sowing date can be appropriately advanced.

The seeds are sown for 23 days on a sunny day before soaking or chemical treatment, so as to improve the germination potential and make the buds strong and tidy. Soak seeds in 500 times solution of 50% Carbendazim for 0.5h, rinse them with water, then soak them in warm water for 5h, then soak seeds in 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 0.5h, rinse them with water and remove them for germination . When germinating, fill the seeds with enough moisture into a gauze bag, cover them with a wet towel, and place them in an environment of 2530 ° C (* using an oven) to promote germination. Rinse with water of the corresponding temperature 12 times a day, after 23 days, when 50% of the seeds When it is white, it is ready for seeding.

It is recommended to use plug trays for seedling cultivation. The nutrient soil for seedling cultivation can be prepared with 3 parts of fertile rural soil + 1 part of fully decomposed ring fertilizer (smashed and sieved after mixing). Add 3 kg of superphosphate per cubic meter of nutrient soil and diphosphate 0.25kg of potassium 0.25kg, 4g of 95% oxacillin, 50% phoxim and stir-fried bran at a ratio of 1: 200, mix thoroughly and set aside. The nutrient soil used must be fully decomposed and subjected to strict disinfection and insecticide treatment.

Fill the prepared nutrient soil into the tray (or nutrition cup), discharge it in the greenhouse, and fill with water. Seed 1 germinated seed per hole (or each nutrition cup) and cover the soil with 0.8cm. The temperature of the seedbed should be maintained at 2528 ℃. If the temperature in the greenhouse is not enough, you can use heating equipment or build a middle shed or small arch shed to raise the temperature. .

During the entire seedling period, we must pay attention to controlling the air humidity and soil humidity in the seedbed. China Agricultural Network recommends spraying the seedbed several times with drugs such as daconin, antiviral alum or jinlei to prevent seedling disease and cataplexy. Disease. Before transplanting, spray the whole plant with Akt once to prevent aphids and whitefly.

Generally, the seedlings in the greenhouse are covered with small arch sheds. The small arch sheds should be ventilated in time after the seedlings are planted. The greenhouse greenhouse tomato winter and spring cultivation techniques and watering according to soil humidity. Use small water when watering. Do not wash the seedlings down. . When the time is up, the seedlings should stay strong and weak, and the seedlings that are too high or too short should be kept between them to keep the seedlings basically the same height. In mid-March, transplanted seedlings must meet the criteria for strong seedlings: plant height 2025cm, short internodes, thick stems, consistent top and bottom; 78 true leaves, long palm-shaped leaves, thick green and thick leaves, no disease spots Present buds, seedling age 50d, this is the basis of precocity. Generally, the ground temperature reaches above 10 ° C, and the transplanting can be carried out when the average temperature in the shed is stable at 58 ° C. When transplanting, use dark water planting (referring to watering in the planting hole first, and then transplanting when the water has just penetrated into the soil), and avoid flooding.

3 Fertilization and transplanting

Sufficient base fertilizer is the key to achieve high yield, high quality, and high efficiency of "Baiying" tomatoes. Select soil with medium or higher fertility. Generally, 10,000 kg of rotten soil fertilizer or 68m3 of chicken manure prepared and ternary compound fertilizer are applied every 667m2. 100kg, diammonium hydrogen phosphate 30kg, zinc sulfate 2kg and boron fertilizer 1kg. Spread the fertilizer evenly on the ground, plough the ground 2530cm, hoe and hoe 23 times, then level the ground and make ridges from north to south as planned. The cultivation density is 2.53 plants per square meter, the plant spacing is 4550cm, the row spacing is 7580cm, and about 1800 seedlings are maintained at 667m2 (667m2 seedlings are seeded at about 78g).

4 Field management measures

4.1 Use growth hormone to protect flowers and fruits

Tomato fruit drop often occurs in the shed, which is a very important and difficult problem to solve in production, mainly caused by environmental factors. Too high or too low temperature, insufficient light, lack of water, and insufficient organic nutrients can cause fruit drop; night temperature at seedling stage is lower than 15 ° C, and poor flower bud distribution can also cause flower drop and fruit deformity. Plants are covered with cultivated tomatoes. The plants grow vigorously in the early stage, and it is easier to drop flowers and fruits. It is one of the feasible measures in cultivation to use tomato growth hormone and other growth hormones to increase fruit yield. For the luxuriant shoots with dense branches and leaves, spray chlormequat or potassium dihydrogen phosphate to inhibit vegetative growth and promote fruit setting. Use the high-yield agent No. 2 for each flower. Do not focus on one flower per ear. Do not light flower buds that are too small or too large. Or use 3 mg / kg tomatoes for inflorescences that are about 3 flowers open. Spirit dip flowers, if necessary, topping early, usually the fruit will sit after 5d; you can also take the first flower of each spike. Special attention should be paid to the fact that "Baiying" tomatoes are more sensitive to hormones, and must not be used without increasing the concentration. * Use 2/3 of the recommended concentration in the instructions. It is recommended to add 0.5% skelin to the hormone to prevent gray mold.

4.2 Plant adjustment

The hanging vine is carried out when the inflorescence is blooming. The pruning and pruning are carried out at the same time. The single-stem pruning is used to remove all the side branches to facilitate ventilation and light transmission and reduce the unnecessary consumption of nutrients. When the trunk has 57 spikes, it is topping. When the remaining 4 fruits are about to be harvested, one side branch is cultivated to continue to grow and grow, and the old leaves of the lower trunk are removed, and the stem is lowered. The 23 branches of the side branch are left topping, and the side branches are re-cultured to continue to grow. And so on. However, it should be noted that: first, only one side branch can be left at a time; second, the side branches cannot be left too early, so as not to affect fruit swelling.

4.3 Thinning Flowers and Fruits

"Baiying" tomatoes have many flowers and are easy to set fruit. Usually there are more than 10 flowers per panicle, and there are more than 6 set fruit. In production, it is generally required to leave 34 fruits for the spike flower, 45 fruits for the second flower, and 56 fruits for the other flower spikes. The extra flowers and fruits should be removed in time to promote the uniform growth of the fruit and increase the commodity rate.

4.4 Water and fertilizer management

This breed is more sensitive to magnesium, so you should pay attention to applying magnesium fertilizer. After watering the roots, do not water until the ears are settled. "Squat seedlings" to promote root rooting and control to lay the foundation for high yield. When the size of the ears walnut, the size of the second ears, the size of the broad beans, and the flower buds of the third ears have just bloomed, the "squat seedlings" are ended and watering is started, and watering is performed once every 1015d, and 10 kg of potassium nitrate compound fertilizer is applied every 667m2 in combination with watering. After harvesting, 20kg of potassium nitrate compound fertilizer is applied every 667m2. Special attention should be paid not to use large water and large fertilizers during the whole growth period.

4.5 Reasonable use of ethephon for ripening

The red ripeness of tomato fruits is mainly due to enhanced breathing and the production of ethylene. The temperature in spring is relatively low, and the red ripeness of the fruit is slow. It can be sprayed with 5001000 mg / kg of ethephon to promote the red ripeness of the fruit.

5 Pest control

To follow the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control", spray pesticides evenly on both the front and back of the leaves and on the stalks, and use different agents alternately.

5.1 tendon rot

In recent years, tendon rot has a high incidence in greenhouses. The symptoms are uneven fruit surfaces, individual fruits are hardened to appear brown or necrotic, and the fruit core is hardened or the flesh is browned, losing commercial value. The disease is a physiological disease, and the degree of damage depends on factors such as variety, temperature, light intensity, and unreasonable fertilization.

Control methods: Apply more fully-fermented organic fertilizer to improve soil and promote root development; keep the temperature in the greenhouse not lower than 10 ℃ and the ground temperature at 510cm not lower than 12 ℃; apply less ammonium nitrogen fertilizer and switch to potassium nitrate fertilizer; When it is sunny after cloudy days, spray foliar fertilizer at noon, and put the curtains in properly for half an hour to prevent strong light from being exposed for a long time; do not flood in winter.

5.2 Umbilical rot

Umbilical rot is also a physiological disease, mainly manifested in the appearance of water-soaked spots on the umbilicus of young fruits, which gradually expands, causing the top of the fruit to sag and gradually become brown. Causes: Excessive application of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer causes the proportion of ammonium nitrogen in the soil solution to be too high, which affects the absorption of calcium ions by tomatoes; the ground temperature is too low in winter and is below 15 ° C for a long time, which affects the roots' Absorption of boron and other elements; sudden droughts and floods in the field, especially caused drought in water supply; excessive application of potassium chloride and potassium sulfate fertilizers affected the absorption of calcium by plants.

Control methods: increase the application of decomposed organic fertilizer, improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, promote root development and absorption of various nutrients; prevent the soil from being too dry and avoid sudden drought and flooding; from the initial flowering period, spray calcium nitrate every 13 days Fertilizer; greenhouses should keep warm in winter to prevent the ground temperature from being too low.

5.3 Early blight

It is one of the important diseases of tomato, which mainly damages the leaves, but also the stems and fruits. After the leaves were damaged, concentric ring patterns appeared in the middle of the leaves, and the edges were mostly light green and yellow halo, and the surface of the ring patterns was burr-like uneven. After the fruit was damaged, the fruit surface near the torus produced depressions, nearly oval, dark Brown, black mold layer on the surface. When the disease is severe, it causes fallen leaves, fallen fruits and broken branches, which has a great impact on yield.

There are various medicaments and methods for the prevention and treatment of the disease. Can you spray 58% metalaxyl before the onset? Manganese-zinc, anti-toxic alum, etc. can also be used for prevention and control; it can also be sprayed with chlorothalonil dust in the early stages of disease onset; chlorothalonil fumigant can be used for fumigation in the evening during the growth period. In addition, seed treatment and planting disease-resistant varieties are also effective methods.

5.4 Late blight

It is a highly endemic fungal disease, mainly causing damage to leaves and fruits, and can also damage stems. After the leaf is infected, the disease usually starts from the lower tip or leaf edge of the plant. It is a green spot with inconspicuous edges at the beginning, and it becomes brown after expanding. The disease spots on the fruit appear as irregular gray-green water spots. Block, then turned brown or dark brown.

The disease should be controlled with a medicament immediately after the emergence of a central diseased strain. You can also control the ecological conditions from the seedling stage to prevent the high humidity environment from appearing in the shed; or plant disease-resistant varieties.

5.5 Leaf mold

It is another important disease of tomato, which has a continuous development trend, mainly affecting leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. Damaged leaves, irregular or oval pale yellow chlorotic spots on the leaf surface; primary white mold layer on the back of the leaves, which later turned to gray-brown or dark brown fleece; lesions on the fruit were round, hardened later, and slightly sunken Make the fruit inedible.

The disease can be prevented by spraying carbendazim wettable powder, methylthiocarbam wettable powder and other agents after removing the lower old leaves at the beginning of the disease. It can also be controlled by agricultural cultivation measures, such as three-year rotation with melons and legumes, and increased application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

5.6 Gray mold

It is a newly developed fungal disease. Due to the large economic losses, it has seriously threatened the production of tomatoes in greenhouses. The disease mainly damages the aerial parts of plants, such as leaves and fruits. Most of the leaf infections start from the tip of the leaf, the lesions spread inwardly in a "V" shape, and the edges show irregular light brown dark and dark round patterns, and then dry out; fruit damage mostly starts from the remaining petals on the green fruit and the continuous cropping of tomato in the greenhouse A stand-up gift watermelon is spread from the pedicle and the umbilicus to the fruit surface, and a large number of gray-brown mold layers are formed on the surface in the later period.

Comprehensive prevention and treatment measures based on chemical prevention and treatment are adopted for this disease. Spraying medicine after the emergence of diseased leaves is the key period to prevent the initial infection and control the re-infection. You can also dip the whole inflorescence with fruit setting hormone (PCPA), and add 0.1% of 50% Sukeling wettable powder for better effect.

6 Tomato deficiency symptoms identification and prevention

6.1 Phosphorus deficiency

The leaves are small, the fruit is small, the fruit is few, the leaves are dark green, the leaves are stiff, the veins are purple, the bottom leaves are curled upward, the old leaves turn yellow and produce purple spotted. When the plant is deficient in phosphorus, water-soluble superphosphate or heavy superphosphate can be mixed with high-quality organic fertilizer at a ratio of 1:10 and applied near the root of the plant; it can also spray 0.2% 0.3% phosphate Potassium hydrogen or 0.5% 1.0% aqueous solution of calcium superphosphate.

6.2 potassium deficiency

Starting from the base leaf, the leaf edge turns yellow, then becomes brown, the texture becomes brittle, the stem becomes hard, lignified, and no longer thickens. Root dysplasia is weak. The fruit is malformed, colorless and of poor quality. When tomato is deficient in potassium, trenches can be applied on both sides of the plant to apply potassium sulfate and grass ash to cover the soil and infiltrate irrigation; 0.2% 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 1% grass ash extract can be sprayed on the foliage.

6.3 Boron deficiency

The leaflets are chlorotic or orange-red, the growth points are darkened and black, the stems, petioles and petioles are fragile, and the leaves are easy to fall off. Roots are stunted and brown. There are many deformed fruits, and brown spots often appear on the peel. Boron deficiency can be sprayed with 0.1% 0.2% borax aqueous solution 23 times to the foliage, generally once every 57d.

6.4 Zinc deficiency

The leaves of the plant are small, the leaflets are slightly greenish, the old leaves are smaller than the normal leaves, but not green, the leaves have irregular wrinkled brown spots, the petiole is curved backwards, and the plant is short and stunted. Tomatoes can be sprayed with a 0.5% zinc sulfate aqueous solution on the leaves; zinc fertilizers can also be applied to the soil, but zinc fertilizers should be applied at the same time as phosphate fertilizers to avoid reducing zinc fertilizer efficiency.

6.5 Iron deficiency

The leaves on the top of the plant are yellowish and greenish at the initial stage, and the green end is still green in the early stage. The greenishness is enhanced in the later stage and develops sideways. Iron deficiency can spray 0.5% 1.0% ferrous sulfate solution to the leaves 12 times.

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