Hotspots of Natural Research in 2018: Deep Analysis of Exosomes

A country of application is naturally not guaranteed, and exosomes come to assist

In 2018, the national natural application will be launched soon, and the annual finale of the scientific research industry will be staged again. In the natural world, in the new year, An Anxin is engaged in scientific research and comfortably over the New Year; if not, it may mean that it will be a year of tight-fitting. Here, Yun Xu Xiao Bian first sincerely wishes all teachers 2018 Happy New Year, the funds that can be applied for in the spring, all the experiments are successful, the articles you want to send can be sent, the health is healthy, the good luck, the happiness of the family! In addition to sending blessings, Xiao Bian also brought a new spring "Gifts" - the latest research hotspots of the country, and the research ideas of exosomes. Mastering this hot spot, Xiao Bian believes that the natural application process of the teachers' country will inevitably be smooth sailing.

First of all, we will make statistics on the nature of the past years and the pubmed collection of exosomes, to see if it is worthy of the name. The following figure shows the results of exosome research in the past three years. The number of articles has been high. The research on the body and body at home and abroad started late, and the national nature project started to take off. From the trend point of view, the natural body of the exogenous body will definitely be established. Continue to go higher.

At present, exosomes research is most closely related to high-throughput sequencing. It is generally believed that the main function of exosomes is the communication between cells. The excavation of RNA and protein transported by exosomes becomes extremely important. . Similarly, exosomes contain both coding RNA and non-coding RNA, and the design of the subject can vary according to the type of molecule. The following figure lists the 2017 exosomes fund project, which includes exosomes-miRNA, LncRNA. And popular molecular fields such as circular RNA. And the type of fund funding is very comprehensive, from the key projects with huge funding, to the youth fund that encourages young scholars, the exogenous body can be seen at every level.

It is also worth noting that more and more researchers have linked exosomes to translational medicine, especially in the direction of liquid biopsy . It is believed that in time, exosomes will inevitably bring about major reforms in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

In terms of the publication of the article, domestic scholars have published a high-level article on exosomes, which further ignited research enthusiasm in this field. The Wang Linhui research team from the Second Army published a Cancer Cell (IF = 27.407) article in April last year, which proved that lncRNA is associated with drug resistance of kidney cancer, and that the tumor is mainly transmitted through the exosomes. Drug-related molecules. At the end of last year, Liu Qizhan team of Nanjing Medical University published a research report on the inflammatory response induced by nitrite induced by exosomes in Cancer letters (IF = 6.375) . Gratitude and congratulation, at the beginning of the new year, the client of the General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University in the Journal of Neurotrauma (IF=5.190) recently published a circular RNA sequencing article on mouse brain tissue exosomes, which is a researcher for domestic and foreign body research scholars. Xiang Shuoguo. It’s a fake way to say that it’s not a practice. Let’s take a look at what the exosomes are and what are the research ideas?

Two exosomes research ideas reveal

The legendary exosomes (Exosomes), as the name implies, are the things that the cells "spit" and are widely distributed in body fluids such as saliva, plasma, milk, and urine. It is structurally similar to a very small balloon (circular monolayer), as to how small it is, roughly equivalent to the size of a virus (30-100 nm). This small thing is causing widespread concern, mainly because it is very "treasure" - exosomes contain not only protein components, but also some RNA components such as miRNA, lncRNA, mRNA and circRNA. These RNAs carried by exosomes are collectively referred to as exosome-derived RNA and have intact sequence structure and biological activity. It has been found that exosome-derived RNA is closely related to tumor cell metastasis and is considered to have great potential as a new molecular marker for next-generation liquid biopsy. The following several articles are based on high-throughput techniques to reveal the important role that exosomal RNA plays in the body's disease process.

Case 1: Adipose tissue macrophages secrete exosomal miRNAs to significantly improve insulin sensitivity in vivo

Exosomes contain a variety of miRNAs that regulate the physiological activity of target cells. Recently, Cell (IF: 30.410) published an article that found that exosomes secreted by adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) contain miRNAs and can be transferred to target cells of insulin, thereby regulating the sensitivity of target cells to insulin. Sexual and total glucose metabolism in the body. The Olefsky team isolated macrophages from adipose tissue of obese mice, collected exosomes from the cells, and used them to treat healthy, thin, healthy mice. It was found that mice that received exogenous exosomes remained normal. However, there are symptoms of obesity-induced insulin resistance. In contrast, extraction of adipose tissue macrophage exosomes derived from lean mice and treatment with obese mice significantly improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in vivo and in vitro. Finally, the researchers demonstrated that miR-155 is one of the differentially expressed miRNAs in adipose tissue macrophage exosomes in obese individuals, and that miR-155 is highly likely to inhibit insulin signaling and glucose tolerance directly by inhibiting its target gene PPARγ.

Original: Adipose Tissue Macrophage-Derived Exosomal miRNAs Can Modulate In Vivo and In Vitro Insulin Sensitivity

Case 2: Exosomal lncRNA promotes drug resistance in renal cell carcinoma cells

Cancer Cell (IF:27.409), a leading oncology journal, published an article on the physiological mechanisms by which disease-related lncRNAs are involved in renal cell resistance and through exosomes, and the study of exosomal lncRNAs has once again brought to the public eye. First, the authors detected differentially expressed lncRNA in wild-type cells and drug-resistant cells by high-throughput methods, and identified eight suspected pathogenic lncRNAs by patient-derived xenograft model (PDX). After knocking out one of lncRNA-lncARSR (Activated in RCC with Sunitinib Resistance), cell resistance was significantly enhanced. Further studies have shown that lncARSR is closely related to phenotypes such as proliferation and adhesion of renal cancer cells. The authors found that lncARSR is mainly present in extracellular bodies, and the lncRNA content of drug-resistant extracellular bodies is much higher than that of wild-type cells. The authors subsequently confirmed by RNA Pull Down experiments that nuclear heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein A2B1 (hnRNPA2B1) is responsible for embedding lncARSR into exosomes. When the extracted drug-exposed exosomes were incubated to the wild-type cells, the intracellular lncARSR content of the wild-type cells increased, and the drug resistance increased. Intracellular lncARSR mainly functions as a miRNA sponge, which promotes the expression of AXL and c-MET and the activation of downstream STAT3, AKT and ERK signaling pathways through competitive binding of miRNA-34 and miRNA-449, ultimately leading to sunitinib resistance. form.

Original: Exosome-Transmitted lncARSR Promotes Sunitinib Resistance in Renal Cancer by Acting as a Competing Endogenous RNA

Case 3: Brain traumatic mouse brain tissue derived exosomes circulating RNA expression

Original RNA : Circular RNA expression alteration in exosomes from the brain extracellular space after traumatic brain injury in mice

In response to the above excellent research articles, Xiao Bian made a summary and combed a few exosomes research ideas, hoping to give some help to teachers. First of all, from a broad perspective, exosome studies can also be divided into three major ideas, expression profiles , molecular markers and molecular mechanisms . All three types of studies rely on high-throughput sequencing to reveal the effects of exosome-carrying RNA molecules on cell function. The mechanism is relatively special. One idea is to directly study the effects of differential exosomal RNA on cells and molecular function. Another idea is to co-culture exosomes with research cells and then sequence the co-cultured and cultured cells. To find the cell target gene for the specific role of the exosomes.

Three clouds of biological exosomes are most preferred

Cloud sequence bio-exosomes service

Yunxu Bio provides a one-stop service flow for exosomes. Customers only need to provide samples (serum, plasma, body fluids, cell supernatant, etc.), and cloud-order organisms complete all services from exosomes to subsequent sequencing analysis. In the follow-up, we not only provide customers with massive data, but also identify valid data for customers and provide classic pictures at the publishing level.

Cloud sequence biological exosome extraction service

The extraction of the biological exosomes of the cloud sequence was carried out by using the mature commercial kit (Qiagen), and the sample homogeneity was ensured to the maximum extent while ensuring the extraction of exosome mass and exosome RNA concentration. Yunxu Bio has two types of exosome extraction services for different customer needs.

One-step method: Extract exosomal RNA directly from samples such as serum, plasma, urine, and cell supernatant in one step. This method eliminates the step of separately extracting exosomes, can save the sample to the greatest extent, and obtain high abundance RNA to meet the sequencing requirements.

Two-step method: This method first enriches the exosomes from the sample, and can perform exosomes identification services; then extracts RNA from the exosomes for sequencing, which has a large sample loss, but can be enriched. Exosomes were identified.

Electron microscopy

The exosomes have a very distinct monolayer membrane structure under electron microscopy, a tea-like structure of 30-100 nm in size (usually a tea tray type or a hemispherical depression on one side).

Identification of exosome Western Blot

The CD63, CD9, and TSG101 markers on the exosomes were identified by Western blot.

Cloud sequence biological exosomes high-throughput screening service

Yunxu Bio provides the most comprehensive exosome detection services on the market, including both RNA and non-coding RNA, as well as exosome-encapsulated proteomes. Cloud-order organisms provide one-stop testing services.

Four natural tips for applying for exogenous countries

The opening article mentioned that the natural application of 2018 countries will be closed immediately. Xiao Bian hopes that this article will help the teachers in this millennium.

1 Many teachers doubt that their own cells can be studied in exosomes. In fact, don't worry, exosomes are known as messengers that transmit information between cells. Cells do not exist independently, and any phenotypic changes (tumor invasion, stem cells) Repair, tissue regeneration, embryonic development, etc.) are all mediated through the cell, exosomes.

2 How to design exosome topics, how to look novel? The rare things are rare, and the scientific research is also the same. The domestic research of exosomes started late, and it belongs to the pioneering stage. The earlier the exogenous RNA (protein) expression spectrum analysis is more favorable, with the support of expression data, It is also convenient to carry out the experiment of exosome mechanism as soon as possible. With these data as the guarantee of hard power, it is not difficult for the natural application of the country.

Xiaobian once again represents the staff of Yunxu Biotechnology. I wish you all the teachers 2018 Happy New Year, wishful thinking, good health, and happy family! ! !

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