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First, the choice of dairy cows The choice of dairy cows is a prerequisite for ensuring high yields for dairy cows. Selecting dairy cows requires a good job in two aspects.
Different cow breeds and different individuals of different breeds have different milk production capacities. The most widely selected breed currently is the Holstein cow, commonly known as the "black-and-white cow," which is capable of producing 5,000 to 7,000 kilograms of milk per year and 10,000 kilograms of high-yields under good husbandry conditions. In addition to black-and-white cows, there are also Simmental bulls, including Danish Red Bull and milk, which have a higher milk production capacity but fewer populations.
After the individual chooses to select the dairy cow breed, he must also select the dairy cow individual. Generally, they are mainly selected from individual appearances. Good cows require individuals to be tall, well-defined, of good-looking colors, long trunks, do not collapse on the back, have a wide abdomen and abdomen, have a large abdominal circumference without sagging, strong hind legs, well-developed breasts, and good adhesion. The milk well is deep, the four milk areas are well-proportioned, the size of the nipple is moderate, and there is no deputy nipple. During the dry period, the breasts are soft, and during the lactation period, the surface of the breast is required to be thick and curved, and the whole body is plump without sagging. If conditions permit, the mother’s milk status and father’s quality should also be examined.
Second, feed preparation Dairy cow diet mainly consists of green feed, roughage and concentrate feed.
Green fodder Green fodder refers to all kinds of pasture, green straw and silage. Due to the large food intake of dairy cows, it is not easy to supply forages grown all year round, and the seasonality of green straw is also very strong. Therefore, it is best to make silage. Silage production method: first digging silo, round or rectangular can be, surrounded by bricks. Then use cement to wipe the bottom and around, and make four corners in a circular arc to press the material tightly. The upper side is more than 20 cm above the ground to prevent the inflow of rainwater. Professional households are best prepared for alternate use of two pits. It is possible to combine all kinds of pastures and straws together. When the water content is 65% to 70%, it is filled with a layer of one layer and a layer is pressed. The pressure is tighter and the better. All compacted and sealed, ensure no air leakage. After more than a month in the fall, winter can be used to feed cattle after two months. When feeding, increase from little to large, how much to feed each day, and remove the plastic sheet after removal.
Roughage roughage refers to all kinds of hay and dry straw. Because the nutrition of hay is higher than that of dry stalks, it is possible to prepare more hay in summer and autumn for the consumption of cows in winter and spring.
The concentrate feed can be purchased as a mixed feed or it can be prepared by itself. It is best to prepare the mix yourself, which can greatly reduce the feed cost. With self-mixed ingredients, general energy feeds such as corn and wheat bran account for 70% to 75%, cakes such as bean cakes, soybean meal, and rapeseed cakes account for 20%, and minerals, salt, vitamins, and additives account for 5 % ~ 10%, generally every adult dairy cow needs 9000 kg of green feed each year, 1,000 kg of roughage, 2000 kg of concentrate feed.
Third, the scientific breeding management management Cowhouse lighting conditions are better, clean every day, winter sunny day and more in the sun, summer in the shade.
The supply of green feed should be sufficient, and it is better to eat less. Roughage is used as a collocation and is added in small amounts. The concentrate feed is calculated based on milk production. High-yielding dairy cows produce 3 kilograms of milk and feed 1 kilogram of concentrate. Low-yielding dairy cows produce 4 kilograms of milk and 1 kilogram of concentrate.
Feeding regularly, it is strictly prohibited to feed moldy feeds, not to drink cold water or dirty water.
About 10 months of milk production gradually dry milk. Because the fetus has developed to about 7 months at this time, the energy consumption of the dairy cow is very high. Dry milk is beneficial for the cow to recuperate and make preparations for the next lactation period. There are two ways to dry milk: 1 gradually dry milk method. The number of milkings will be reduced from three times a day to one, restricting drinking water and strengthening exercise. When milk production dropped to 4 kg, milking was stopped and the cows gradually dried milk within 2 weeks. 2 fast dry milk method. That is to reduce the fine material, control the green material and drinking water, and strengthen the exercise. Once the milk is squeezed once a day, it is squeezed again every other day to dry the milk in one week.
Fourth, the correct method of milking the correct milking cow is an effective means to obtain high milk production. Improper milking methods not only reduce milk production but also damage the breasts and cause mastitis. From the day the cow was delivered, milking began and milking was performed 3 times a day. Always wash your breasts and massage your breasts with warm water before milking. The first day each time squeezed 2 kilograms of milk each; the next day each time squeezed 1/3 of the milk; the third day each time squeezing 1/2 of the milk, after the normal squeeze.
It should be noted that the milk in the breast cannot be squeezed on the first day, otherwise it will easily lead to postpartum paralysis. Hand-nails and hand-washing should be done before manual milking. Both hands should hold breasts evenly and quickly. Each cow's milk should be squeezed within 6 to 10 minutes, and manual milking is less, but it takes time and effort. The professional households are best equipped with milking milking machines, which not only saves time and effort, but also greatly reduces the chance of contaminated milk.
Fifth, pay attention to cleanliness.
Milk is directly consumed or used for deep processing. Therefore, we must ensure that the milk is clean and hygienic, and it is forbidden to mix dirt or adulteration. Clean the milk tub and milker before and after each milking. The cow's hindquarters should be brushed clean, and the breasts should be scrubbed clean. The first 3 milks should be rejected because the first 3 milks contain more bacteria and can contaminate other milk, affecting the quality and storage of the milk. time. After the milk is squeezed, the lid must be covered and sold and sent to the milk collection station as soon as possible. Certain drugs will enter the cow's milk and affect the quality of the milk. Therefore, when cows suffer from mastitis or other diseases, they do not use state-prohibited banned drugs to ensure the health of consumers. This is the professional ethics that dairy cow keepers must strictly abide by.
To increase the quantity and quality of milk production by dairy cows, there are many relevant factors, such as choosing good dairy breeds, matching feeds, and strengthening daily feeding and management. The main techniques for raising high-yielding dairy cows are described as follows: