First, spread and damage

The disease is distributed throughout the country, with occurrence of stalk rot in jujube trees in Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, and Zhejiang provinces. The disease mainly damages jujube seedlings and saplings, and can seriously cause the death of seedlings and young trees as a whole.

Second, the symptoms

When the seedlings began to develop, water-stained dark brown spots appeared at the base of the stems, and then the whole stems were exfoliated and expanded rapidly. At this time, the leaves turned yellow, withered, and gradually withered. The base of the victim's stem is subsidence, and the cortex is tightly attached to the stem. It curls up and is not easily peeled off. In the late stage of the disease, many black spots are produced in the diseased part (ie, the conidia of pathogens). When wet, there are gray mold piles (ie, conidia of pathogens).

After the sapling became sick, the symptoms were the same as those of the seedlings, but the lesions appeared to be slower than the seedlings when they surrounded the stalks. Most of the roots of seedlings and saplings that are susceptible to light do not die, sprouting sprouts from the root neck.

Third, the pathogen

The pathogen of stalk rot caused by jujube tree is a bacterium belonging to the genus Deuteromycopsis of the fungus. It is a kind of soil habitual bacteria commonly found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Conidia are nearly spherical or oblate spheroids, 98-225 microns in diameter 89-275 microns, buried under the epidermis of the host, after the hole to break the skin exposed. Conidia are oblong or ovate, colorless, and have a size of 16-32 microns and 5-10 microns. Its host area is very wide, in addition to damaging the jujube tree, it also damages a variety of seedlings, such as ginkgo, camphor, cedar, fir, metasequoia, larch, masson pine, pine, pine, cypress, arborvitae pine, The seedlings of coniferous broad-leaved species such as cypress, oak, black sorghum, tung tree, and eucommia can damage various crops and vegetables such as sweet potatoes, hemp, cotton, sunflower, beans, tobacco, peanuts, corn, and sorghum. On sesame and jute, as on jujube trees, conidia are easily formed. Sclerotia are most easily formed on a variety of coniferous hardwood seedlings and many crops. Sclerotia black, smooth appearance, nearly round or flat spherical, size affected by nutritional conditions, usually 5-100 microns in diameter.

The bacteria are not strict on the pH of the soil, the pH value of 4-9 can grow, the optimum temperature for indoor culture: 30-32 °C.

Fourth, disease cycle and epidemic

The stalk rot caused by the jujube tree mainly used mycelia, sclerotia or conidia for wintering in the diseased area and soil, becoming the origin of the invasion in early twigs. Use wind and rain, irrigation water to spread. Under appropriate conditions, it invades the host from the wound and re-infects it.

The jujube seedlings and Chinese jujube seedlings sprouted and grew to 3–10 cm and 3–10 leaves (usually at the beginning of May). The green stems and leaves appeared yellowish, and then they were pale and died of dead. However, pale leaves do not fall. Digging to see the rhizomes, it can be clearly seen that the main stems in the diseased seedlings are dark brown, cortex eroded, the xylem of the main stem and the marrow are necrotic, and the normal transportation tissues stop, the seedlings die, and some root systems have erosion. The old roots of the returning nursery seedlings and the main stems had necrotic dark spots, and the cortex eroded in the section. There are many small black sclerotia, which have been confirmed by inoculation and invaded the existing xylem that has not changed color. The jujube tree is more likely to emerge in 1-2 years.

The disease is a kind of weak parasite. Usually in the soil, the camp rot lives and uses sclerotia and mycelium to survive overwintering in the residue and in the soil. At the end of the spring when the temperature was high and the external conditions were suitable, the host began to infect. Hi-temperature, high-humidity environment. Nanjiang Zao District, on the jujube tree in early May onset, in mid-June is the epidemic period, stagnation in early July.

The occurrence of the disease has a close relationship with the host situation and environmental conditions. High temperatures and rain are conducive to disease. Especially at high temperatures, if the weather continues for several days, the climate is hot and the air humidity is high, often causing the disease to become rampantly wildly popular. The reason why the disease is particularly serious in southern China, mainly due to high temperature and humidity. However, in recent years, with the transformation of the atmosphere, the north has become warmer and the disease has become serious. Low-lying terrain, over-wet soil, or long-term watering of canals, the jujube tree where the soil is too wet is conducive to the reproduction and infestation of pathogens, and it is unfavorable for the growth of jujube trees, and therefore the incidence is heavier. Flooding is also conducive to disease. High temperatures and droughts are also conducive to the occurrence of diseases. The high temperature and the sun in the summer and autumn seasons raised the temperature of the soil, and the base of the seedling stem was damaged by the high soil temperature and invented the conditions for the invasion of the bacteria.

The jujube stalk rot occurs commonly in seedlings from May to July and seedlings returned to nursery and saplings planted for 1 to 2 years.

Rehearsal jujube garden due to small temperature difference between the surface, the temperature is lower, the incidence of jujube stem rot is light, desolation jujube garden surface temperature difference is large, the temperature is higher, jujube tree rot incidence. Jujube stalk rot disease site mostly in the main stem surface 1-3 cm, lesion length 1-2 cm. The stalk rot of jujube trees in desiccated drip irrigation and jujube gardens is severe. It may be related to the high temperature in the black drip irrigation pipes and drip irrigation belts, local temperature, and may be related to mulching (high temperature, high humidity). The specific cause needs further study.

V. Prevention methods

1. Increase the use of high-quality organic fertilizer to enhance the growth of the host and enhance disease resistance. Application of manure as base fertilizer, 3000-5000 kg per mu, can greatly reduce the disease rate. At the same time, it may affect the transformation of antagonistic microorganisms in soil and inhibit the growth and spread of germs.

2. Timely drainage and irrigation The low-lying and poorly-drained plots should be enhanced with trenching and drainage. In dry summer hot and dry seasons, irrigation should be performed in time to reduce surface temperature and avoid burning the stem base at high temperature. This will enhance the host's vitality, improve disease resistance, and reduce disease incidence.

3. Apply 40% pentachloronitrobenzene wettable powder (75%) and 50% carbendazim wettable powder (3:1 mixture ratio) to the root application, then add 0.3 g of 500-fold liquid to the ground. Roots, or smear on the base of the stem, can prevent disease and promote root growth, improve disease resistance. Or use 40% pentachloronitrobenzene wettable powder (75%) plus black vinegar (ferrous sulfate) (25%) plus ground drop 0.3 g 500 times liquid to root.

4. Disinfection of soil The seedlings are generally sprayed with a 1:1:200 Bordeaux mixture during the budding stage of the juniper tree; or the soil is sterilized with a 50% profitable WP 800-1000 times solution.

5, to strengthen the management of drip irrigation pipe and drip tape placed 8 to 10 cm away from the base of the jujube tree stem, covering the mulch in the base of the jujube tree stem digging a hole diameter of 20 cm, cut away lesions shoots, reduce pathogens.

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